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2023-07-05 08:11:02 Why is Discovery Important?

Scientists have been looking for low-frequency gravitational waves for decades.
They believed that such ripples are perpetually rolling through space like background noise.
The latest breakthrough provides enough data to suggest that there is a gravitational wave background, which exists in our universe.
The discovery will help scientists expand their knowledge about the nature and evolution of the universe.
It will also help them gain more information about the environment around massive black holes.

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2023-07-05 08:11:02 Scientists have found evidence to suggest that the universe is filled with low-frequency gravitational waves.
They have also contended that these waves create a cosmic background hum (which they could hear), that permeates outer space.

What are Gravitational Waves?

These are ripples in the fabric of space-time that are created by huge objects moving around, colliding, and merging with each other.
They were predicted by Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity more than 100 years ago and were first detected in 2015 using an experiment involving Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory (LIGO)
In his General Relativity Theory, Einstein proposed that gravitational attraction was a result of the bending of the fabric of spacetime by the equivalent of a heavy object.
This is very often elucidated by an animation in which a large ball is placed on a rubber sheet, creating a curvature in the sheet.
When a smaller ball is rolled on the rubber sheet, it moves around the large ball along the curvature for a while before falling into it.
Einstein said the Sun, the Earth and all other bodies formed similar curvatures around them, and this was the reason for smaller objects getting pulled towards them.
But since the Earth, sun and everything else are also moving, the curvature around them moves too.
This creates ripples in spacetime (called gravitational waves), just like a moving boat in water creates ripples.
The experiment detected waves of high frequency, believed to be produced by the merger of two relatively small black holes that took place about 1.3 billion years ago.
All the subsequent detections after that were also of high-frequency waves. This, however, has changed now.

Why is the Detection of Gravitational Waves Important?

Everything that is known about faraway objects has come through the detection of the electromagnetic waves either emitted or reflected by them.
These electromagnetic waves (of which visible light is also a part) very often carry information that is characteristic of the objects they are emitted by.
However, ~95% of the universe is known to consist of dark matter and dark energy, which don’t emit any light or any other electromagnetic waves.
Hence, most of the cosmos remains ‘invisible’ to astrophysicists and astronomers.
This changed with the detection of the gravitational waves, which can tell about origin and answer fundamental questions about outer space, such as how different galaxies have emerged and evolved over the entire course of the universe.

How were Low-frequency Gravitational Waves Detected?

Like a whole spectrum of electromagnetic waves, from microwaves to radio waves, there is a wide range of gravitational waves of different wavelengths, frequencies and energies.
The gravitational wave that was detected in 2015, and all subsequent detections after that, involved mergers of black holes that were relatively small in size. The gravitational waves produced by them are relatively feeble.
Only the waves produced just ahead of the merger, when the energy released was maximum, could be detected. These are like flashes of gravitational waves, lasting for maybe a few milliseconds
In a bid to discover low-frequency gravitational waves, scientists used an entirely different technology.
The researchers used six large radio telescopes around the world (including the one in Pune) to study objects called pulsars - distant rapidly-rotating neutron stars that emit pulses of radiation, observed from the Earth as bright flashes of light.
These bursts take place at extremely precise intervals, and therefore scientists use pulsars as ‘cosmic clocks’.
Some of the signals from these neutron stars arrived a little early while a few others were late, the discrepancies ranging in millionths of seconds.
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2023-07-05 06:12:25 #UPSC- CSE 2024

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2023-07-05 04:01:40
The Hindu 04 July 2023 I NA | Balance Diet

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2023-07-04 08:09:01 Challenges for Indian Economy

Employment Generation for Agriculture Dependent Labour Force
In China, the labour force employed in agriculture fell by roughly 1.5 percentage points per year between 2003 and 2019 (prior to the pandemic).
In India, it declined by around 1 percentage point.
Considering India’s labour force in agriculture continues to fall at its pre-pandemic pace over the coming decade the challenge before Indian economy is where they will be employed.
Semi-Skilled Employment in Manufacturing Sector
In the past, the bulk of jobs in India have been created, not in manufacturing, but in construction and services like trade and transport.
However, as formal manufacturing is much more productive than these sectors — it is twice as productive as transport, 2.5 times more productive than trade, and 3.75 times more productive than construction
The lack of employment generation in this sector has been and still remains India’s biggest growth challenge.
Export of Goods
Though exports, especially of services, have picked up over the past few years whether this momentum be sustained is a question.
Goods exports also need to pick the pace of services exports. This will have implications for job creation and the broader economy.

What Indian Economy Needs to Compete with China?

Increase Participation of Female Labour Force
A higher labour force participation rate and an expansion of the market will necessarily require female participation to increase in India.
A bigger labour force has implications for spending capacity. For example, passenger car sales in India stood at 3.8 million in 2022-23. In comparison, in 2007, 6.3 million cars were sold in China.
Mass Production
To make India an economic power, we need to do mass production. It will help achieve cost leadership and beat China’s pricing.
Around 80% of air conditioners, 70% of mobile sets, 60% of shoes, 74% of solar cells and 60% of premium luxury branded products in the world are now being manufactured in China.
We need to build clusters for that—and a one district one product strategy where MSMEs can share technology, expertise, and labour, and bring efficiency for mass production.
Skilling of Workforce
To have an edge on China or compete with China, India needs to impart skill development on a very large scale.
People transitioning from agriculture to industries need better skills. It will help for them to find better opportunities.
Diplomatic Strength
This is one area where it is not understood why India should have an asymmetry in power.
India needs to develop business skills in its diplomats.
We need to skill and re-skill them to focus and achieve both strategic and business goals from the relations with the countries they are stationed in.

Conclusion

Despite China’s runaway economic growth, there are possibilities for India to achieve extremely rapid growth over the next 20 years or soto compete directly with China.
India needs to fix some basic problems; labour force participation, tariffs, skilling workforce, etc.

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2023-07-04 08:09:01 As per Moody’s, the Indian economy has recently crossed $3.5 trillion in size. The IMF expects it to exceed $3.7 trillion this year.
Currently, Indian economy's size is about that of China in 2007. But without a spur to manufacturing, it will be extremely difficult for India to follow China's growth trajectory.

A Comparison of Chinese and Indian Economy

A decade and a half ago, China had a per capita income of $2,694, while the IMF expects India’s per capita income to rise from $2,379 in 2022 to $2,601 in 2023.
According to World Bank, India’s gross domestic product was 64% of China’s in 1980.
By 2001 when China joined the World Trade Organization, India’s economy was only 28% as large as China’s.
And, despite several years of rapid growth in the 21st century, by 2021 India’s economy had fallen even further behind and equalled only 17% of the Chinese economy.

Points of Divergence between Indian and Chinese Economy:

Different Drivers of Growth

Investments and Exports
China’s meteoric rise has been driven by investments and exports.
Between 2003 and 2011, the country’s investment to GDP ratio (gross fixed capital formation) averaged 40 per cent.
In comparison, even during this high growth phase, the investment ratio in India averaged only around 33 per cent. Worryingly, the gap between the two countries has widened since.
In the years from 2012 to 2021, as the Chinese economy pulled further away, its investment ratio climbed even higher, averaging almost 43 per cent. In India, it fell to around 29 per cent as the investment momentum tapered off.
In 2022-23, India’s exports of goods and services surpassed $770 billion, while imports were around $890 billion.
In 2007, when the Chinese economy was of comparable size, the country’s exports had crossed $1.2 trillion, driven by exports of goods not services, while imports stood at $950 billion, signalling its deeper integration with the global economy.
Between 2007 and 2021, China’s exports averaged about 24 per cent of GDP. While India’s exports have averaged roughly 21 per cent over this period, they were almost stagnant at around 19 per cent between 2015 and 2020.
Tariff Rates
China’s emergence as the epicentre of global supply chains over the decades has been facilitated in part by the lowering of tariffs.
The country’s tariff rate (simple mean) fell from 10.69 per cent in 2003 to 8.93 per cent in 2007, declining further to 5.32 per cent in 2020.
In comparison, while India’s tariff rate fell from 25.63 per cent in 2003 to 8.88 per cent in 2017, it has risen thereafter.
High Participation of Female Labour Force
China also had and continues to have a considerably higher labour force participation rate.
In 2007, its labour force participation stood at almost 73 per cent (ages 15 and above).It has since declined to 67 per cent.
In India, the participation rate is estimated at around 50 per cent in 2022.
As the male labour force participation rate in both countries is roughly the same, the difference is largely due to female participation.
In China, the female labour force participation rate stood at 66 per cent in 2007. By 2022, it had declined to 61 per cent.
In India, it was considerably lower at 30 per cent in 2007, and has since fallen even further to 24 per cent in 2022.
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2023-07-04 06:05:16 किसी को कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता आप किन हालातो में जी रहे हो। आपको अपने हालात खुद बदलने पड़ेगे इसलिए दुनियादारी छोड़कर हर हाल में कामयाब बनिए

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2023-07-04 06:02:25 The Hindu 04 July 2023 I INA | Balance Diet


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2023-07-04 04:00:00
The Hindu 04 July 2023 I NA | Balance Diet

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2023-07-04 03:25:26
उम्मीद से भरी एक नई सुबह में, आपका स्वागत है ! सुप्रभात SLVians!

मिलता हूँ 6.30 बजे... फुल एनर्जी के साथ में ...Be Ready Sharp 6.30 AM.... क्या आप तैयार हैं?
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