FREE JEE NEET NOTES

2021-06-23 18:43:44 SOME TERMS RELATED TO EVOLUTION

Adaptation:

Changing to fit a niche or survive in an environment

Anatomy:

Study of the structures of organisms

Artificial Selection:

Characteristics selected by humans

Biogeography:

Study of how species are distributed across the Earth

Biological Species:

Individuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

Catastrophism:

Changes in species that happen because of quick and often violent natural phenomena

Cladistics:

Method of classifying species in groups based on ancestral relationships

Cladogram:

Diagram of how species are related

Coevolution:

One species changing in response to changes in another species that it interacts with, particularly predator/prey relationships

Creationism:

Belief that a higher power created all life

Darwinism:

Term commonly used as a synonym for evolution

Descent With Modification:

Passing down traits that might change over time

Directional Selection:

Type of natural selection in which an extreme characteristic is favored


Disruptive Selection:

Type of natural selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average characteristics

Embryology:

Study of the earliest stages of development of an organism

Endosymbiotic Theory:

Currently accepted theory as to how cells evolved

Eukaryote:

Organism made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles

Evolution:

Change in populations over time

Fossil Record:

All known traces of past life ever found

Fundamental Niche:

All available roles an individual can play in an ecosystem

Genetics:

Study of traits and how they are passed down from generation to generation

Gradualism:

Changes in species that happen over long periods of time

Habitat:

Area in which an organism lives

Homologous Structures:

Body parts on different species that are similar and most likely evolved from a common ancestor

Hydrothermal Vents:

Very hot areas in the ocean where primitive life might have begun

Intelligent Design:

Belief that a higher power created life and its changes

Macroevolution:

Changes in populations at the species level, including ancestral relationships

Mass Extinction:

Event in which large numbers of species died out completely

Microevolution:

Changes in species at a molecular or gene level.....

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2021-06-23 15:18:51 Time for this week's #TipicalTuesday

Here are some Short Tricks for Biology which are based on NCERT

BORON:
•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer
•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.

NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule. Open / Comment

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2021-06-23 11:12:17 #Revision

Force and Pressure

When an object is either pushed or a pulled is known as a force.
Motion, generated in an object, is because of an action of a force.
The applied force makes the table move in a given direction.
The strength of a force is commonly expressed by the magnitude.
Force also has direction; likewise, if the magnitude or direction changes, it directly affects the force.
If the force is applied in the direction opposite to the direction of motion, then it results in a decrease in the speed of the object.
If an object is in motion, then external force may change in the state or direction of motion of that object.
The state of motion of an object is explained by its speed and the direction of motion.
The state of ‘rest’ of an object is considered to be the zero speed, as
An object cannot move by itself.
An object cannot change its speed by itself.
An object cannot change its direction by itself.
An object cannot change by itself.
A force may make an object move from rest.
A force may change the speed of a moving object.
A force may change the direction of a moving object.
A force may change the shape of an object.

The force caused by the action of muscles is known as the muscular force.
Some force, decreases the speed of a moving object, is known as ‘friction.’ E.g. moving wheel on road; once the source of force stops working, then wheel stops because of friction.
The force applied by a charged body on another charged or uncharged body is known as ‘electrostatic force.’
Objects or things that fall towards the earth, as earth pulls it towards itself; this force is known as the force of gravity or gravity.
The force of gravity is applicable on all objects. In fact, every object in this universe, irrespective of its size and shape, exerts some force on every other object. It happens only because of the ‘gravitational force.’

Pressure
The force, applied on a unit area of a surface is known as pressure
Pressure= force / area on which it acts.

If the area is smaller, then the pressure on a surface would be greater; e.g. this is the reason that the area of one end of a nail is pointed to exert sufficient pressure and other end is bigger.
This envelop of air is known as the atmosphere that extends up to many kilometers above the surface of the earth.
The pressure exerted by the air is known as atmospheric pressure.
The pressure inside our bodies is exactly equal to the atmospheric pressure and annuls the pressure acting from outside.
Liquids and gases also exert pressure on the walls of their respective containers. Open / Comment

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2021-06-22 14:42:40 Causes of hepatomegaly

There are several potential causes of hepatomegaly including:

Infection: congenital, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, malaria

Haematological: sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia

Malignancy: leukaemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, Wilm’s tumour, hepatoblastoma

Metabolic: glycogen and lipid storage disorders, mucopolysaccharidoses

Cardiovascular: heart failure

Apparent hepatomegaly: chest hyper-expansion (e.g. bronchiolitis/asthma) Open / Comment

2021-06-22 14:42:40 Causes of hepatomegaly

There are several potential causes of hepatomegaly including:

Infection: congenital, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, malaria

Haematological: sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia

Malignancy: leukaemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, Wilm’s tumour, hepatoblastoma

Metabolic: glycogen and lipid storage disorders, mucopolysaccharidoses

Cardiovascular: heart failure

Apparent hepatomegaly: chest hyper-expansion (e.g. bronchiolitis/asthma) Open / Comment

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2021-06-22 10:56:50 IMP OF PLANT KINGDOM

Isogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Ulothrix (flagellated)
Spirogyra (non-flagellated)

Anisogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Udorina

Oogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Volvox, Fucus

Algin- Brown Algae

Carragreen - Red Algae

Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria
(Red algae)

Motile asexual spores in algae- Zoospores

Laminarin, Mannitol- Complex carbohydrates of Brown algae

Fucoxanthin- Brown Algae

Phycoerythrin- Red Algae

Floridean Starch Found in Red algae, similar to amylopectin and glycogen

The main plant body is a gametophyte- Bryophytes

Peat- Sphagnum

Microphylls- Selaginella

Macrophylls- Fern

Heterosporous pteridophytes- Selaginella
Salvinia

Vascular plants without seeds- Pteridophytes

Mycorrhiza- Pinus
(symbiotic association with fungi in the roots)

Coralloid roots- Cycas
(nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the roots)

The tallest gymnosperm- Sequoia (redwood tree)
Microscopic angiosperm Wolffia

Parallel venation- Monocotyledons

Reticulate venation- Dicotyledons

The cells of embryo sac are- Haploid

Algae showing haplo-diplontic life cycle- Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, Kelps

Algae showing the diplontic life cycle- Fucus

Zygotic meiosis- Haplontic life cycle Open / Comment