RULE 46 Perfect Participle (Having + v3) Vs (Having | Active English Official
RULE 46
Perfect Participle (Having + v3) Vs (Having been +v3) (Having + v3) is used when it qualifies doer of the sentence while (Having been + v3) is used when it qualifies non-doer of the sentence. Handy Tip – If the clause following the perfect participle is in passive voice,we use having been+v3, otherwise having +v3.
Example
Having typed the letter, it was posted. Having typed the letter, I posted it. Having been typed the letter, it was posted.
(‘It was posted’ is in passive form so we will use having been +v3. ‘I posted it’ is in active form so we will use having +v3.)
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