Art and culture

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2021-10-16 09:41:57 Bronze Sculpture

Bronze is an alloy which is obtained from the mixing of Copper and Tin and the Indians has mastered the bronze sculpture and casting process as much they have mastered carving in stone and terracotta sculpture

The lost-wax process of Bronze Casting is also being utilised by present-day tribal communities for their artistic expressions.

The Bronze Sculpture of INDUS VALLEY

Dancing Girl in tribhanga posture (Mohenjodaro). The limbs and torso of this female figurine are simplified in tubular form.

At Daimabad in Maharashtra on the left bank of the Pravara River, a tributary of the Godavari River) a similar group of bronze statuettes have been discovered which dates back to 1500 BCE, in which Chariot , the wheels of which are represented in circular shapes; driver or human rider has been elongated, and the bulls in the forefront are modelled in muscular forms.

Kushan Period Bronze Sculpture

Interesting images of Jain Tirthankaras have been discovered from Chausa, Bihar, during second century CE and these bronze sculptures show how the Indian sculptors had mastered the modelling of masculine human physique and simplified muscles. Open / Comment

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2021-10-06 08:53:44 Vedanta: The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations within the Vedas), rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice). The school separated into six sub-schools, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries:

Advaita (Adi Shankara): It states that both the individual self (Atman) and Brahman are the same, and knowing this difference causes liberation.

Visishtadvaita (Ramanuja): It believes that all diversity is subsumed to a unified whole.

Dvaita (Madhvacharya): It considers Brahman and Atman as two different entities, and Bhakti as the route to eternal salvation.

Dvaitadvaita (Nimbarka): It states that the Brahman is the highest reality, the controller of all.

Shuddhadvaita (Vallabhacharya): It states that both God and the individual self are the same, and not different.

Achintya Bheda Abheda (Chaitanya Mahaprabhu): It emphasizes that the individual self (Jīvatman) is both different and not different from Brahman. Open / Comment

2021-10-06 08:51:59 Purva Mimamsa (Jaimini): This philosophy encompasses the Nyaya-vaisheshika systems and emphasises the concept of valid knowledge. According to Purva Mimamsa, Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge.

According to Mimamsa philosophy Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas.

It says that the essence of the Vedas is dharma. By the execution of dharma one earns merit which leads one to heaven after death. Open / Comment

2021-10-06 08:51:07 Vaisheshika (Kanada): The basis of the school's philosophy is that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms and Brahman is regarded as the fundamental force that causes consciousness in these atoms.

Vaisheshika system is considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of universe.

The reality according to this philosophy has many bases or categories which are substance, attribute, action, genus, distinct quality and inherence.

Vaisheshika thinkers believe that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether.

They believe that God is the guiding principle. The living beings were rewarded or punished according to the law of karma, based on actions of merit and demerit. Open / Comment

2021-10-06 08:50:13 Nyaya (Gautama Muni): Nyaya Philosophy states that nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach). Nyaya is considered as a technique of logical thinking.

Nyaya Sutras say that there are four means of attaining valid knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony. Open / Comment

2021-10-06 08:49:37 Yoga (Patanjali): Yoga literally means the union of two principal entities. Yogic techniques control body, mind & sense organs, thus considered as a means of achieving freedom or mukti.

This freedom could be attained by practising self-control (yama), observation of rules (niyama), fixed postures (asana), breath control (pranayama), choosing an object (pratyahara) and fixing the mind (dharna), concentrating on the chosen object (dhyana) and complete dissolution of self, merging the mind and the object (Samadhi).

Yoga admits the existence of God as a teacher and guide. Open / Comment

2021-10-06 08:48:49 Orthodox Schools of Indian Philosophy

Orthodox (astika) schools, originally called sanatana dharma, are collectively referred to as Hinduism in modern times. The ancient Vedas are their source and scriptural authority. Hinduism consists of six systems of philosophy & theology.

Samkhya (Kapila): Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems, and it postulates that everything in reality stems from purusha (self, soul or mind) and prakriti (matter, creative agency, energy).Purush cannot be modified or changed while prakriti brings change in all objects. Open / Comment