.

2021-05-23 08:58:29 Menstrual Cycle

(1) Menstruation occurs in human, apes and old world monkeys.
(2) Menstruation is bleeding from the uterus of adult females at intervals of one lunar month.
(3) Beginning of menstruation or first menstruation is called menarche.
(4) The beginning of menstruation varies. It usually occurs between 12 and 15 years.
(5) The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called Menstrual Cycle.
(6) In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days.
(7) One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle of each menstrual cycle.
(8) It is regulated by certain hormones, some of which are secreted by the pituitary gland.
(9) The pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus.
(10) The hormones produced by the pituitary gland influence the ovaries. The hormones secreted by the ovaries affect the walls of the uterus.

Phases of Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle consists of following four phases:

(1) Menstrual Phase:
(i) In a 28 days menstrual cycle,the menses takes place on cycle days 3-5.
(ii) The production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is reduced.
(iii) The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of the corpus luteum and, therefore progestrone production is reduced.
(iv) Production of oestrogen is also reduced in this phase.
(v) The endometrium of uterus breaks down & menstruation begins.
(vi) The cells of endometrium secretions, blood & unfertilised ovum constitutes the menstrual flow.

(2) Follicular Phase:
(i) This phase usually includes cycle days 6-13 or 14 in a 28 days cycle.
(ii) The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogens.
(iii) Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall.
(iv) The endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell multiplication and this is accompanied by an increase in uterine glands & blood vessels.

Various Events during a Menstrual Cycle

(3) Ovulatory Phase:
(i) Both LH & FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day).
(ii) Oestrogen concentration in blood increases.
(iii) Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of graffian follicle and thereby the release of ovum.
(iv) In fact LH causes ovulation.

(4) Luteal Phase:
(i) Includes cycle days 15 to 28.
(ii) Corpus luteum secretes progestrone.
(iii) Endometrium thickens.
(iv) Uterine glands become secretory.

Hormonal Control of MC
(i) FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce oestrogens.
(ii) LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progestrone.
(iii) Menstrual phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.
(iv) LH causes ovulation
(v) Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.
(vi) Secretory phase is caused by increased production of progestrone. Open / Comment

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2021-05-22 15:58:32 Vitamins_Deficiency

(Very Very...... Important for NEET)

1- Vitamin “A”: Night blindness

2- Vitamin “B1”: Beriberi

3- Vitamin “B2”: Ariboflavinosis

4- Vitamin “B3”: Pellagra

5- Vitamin “B5”: Parestheia

6- Vitamin “B6”: Anemia

7- Vitamin “B7”: Dermititis and enteritis

8- Vitamin “B9” - “B12”: Megaloblastic anemia

9- Vitamin “B17”: Cancer

10- Vitamin “C”: Scurvy and swelling of gums

11- Vitamin “D”: Rickets and Osteomalacia

12- Vitamin “E”: less fertility

13- Vitamin “K”: Non-Clotting of blood Open / Comment

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2021-05-21 18:02:37 Infertility can be challenging for identification and determination. It can also include deficiency in the hormonal level in both women and men, and also issues with ovulating in women. The major symptom of infertility is the incapabilities to hold a pregnancy. However, depending on the cause, it can be treated accordingly.

1. This is a major reason for infertility in women
(a) Anovulation
(b) Weight
(c) Age
(d) All of these


2. Boosting the intake of _____ can help women trying to conceive
(a) Potassium
(b) Folic acid
(c) Lycopene
(d) Nickel


3. Nerve supply of ovary is through
(a) Sacral fibers
(b) Pudendal nerve
(c) Branches of renal and aortic plexus
(d) none of the above


4. Menstrual phase bleeding is due to
(a) necrosin
(b) fibrinolysis
(c) menotoxin
(d) vasoconstriction and ischaemia


5. Fertility in women is impaired by
(a) Hernia
(b) High blood pressure
(c) Obesity
(d) Gallstones

6. Infertility is when a couple fails to conceive after
(a) 4 years of unprotected sex
(b) 3years of unprotected sex
(c) 2 years of unprotected sex
(d) 1 year of unprotected sex


7. Procedures used to treat infertility are
(a) ICSI – Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
(b) IVF – In Vitro Fertilization
(c) IUI – Intrauterine insemination
(d) All of these


8. Right ovarian artery arises from
(a) Uterine artery
(b) Aorta
(c) Renal artery
(d) Common iliac artery


9. This condition impairs infertility
(a) PCOD
(b) Fibroids
(c) Endometriosis
(d) All of these


10. In women, this sexually transmitted disease can result in infertility
(a) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
(b) Pelvic inflammatory disease
(c) Genital herpes
(d) None of the above

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