Curiosity Tea

2021-02-20 10:04:40 ​​What is G Force Training?

High-G training is done by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration ('G'). It is designed to prevent a g-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), a situation when the action of g-forces moves the blood away from the brain to the extent that consciousness is lost. Incidents of acceleration-induced loss of consciousness have caused fatal accidents in aircraft capable of sustaining high-g for considerable periods.
The value of training has been well established during the decades since the 1970s and has been the subject of much research and literature, and training has contributed to extending pilots' G tolerance in both magnitude and duration.
Training includes centrifuge, Anti-G Straining Maneuvers (AGSM), and acceleration physiology.
A G-suit is worn by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration ('G'). It is designed to prevent a black-out and g-LOC (gravity-induced Loss Of Consciousness), due to the blood pooling in the lower part of the body when under G, thus depriving the brain of blood. Open / Comment

2021-02-18 06:38:32 ​​What is Smellicopter and How does it work?

Researchers and scientists are interested in developing devices that can sniff the chemicals and navigate in the air to locate disaster survivors such as gas leaks, explosions, etc. But most man-made sensors are not sensitive or fast enough to locate or process-specific smells. In this direction, scientists have developed Smellicopter.

It is an autonomous drone that uses a live antenna from a moth to navigate towards smells. Additionally, it can also sense and avoid obstacles in its way while flying. Researchers have also attached two plastic wings on the back of the drone, to help it fly continuously in the air. Smellicopters mimic how moth searches for smells and do not need any help from the researchers to search for odours. It begins its search by moving towards left for a specific distance and if nothing passes a specific smell threshold, it moves towards the right for the same distance. Once the odour is detected by the Smellicopter, it changes its flying pattern to reach towards it.

It can also avoid obstacles with the help of four infrared sensors which measures what's around it 10 times each second. If an obstacle comes within eight inches (20 cms) of the drone, it changes its direction by going to the next stage of its cast-and-surge protocol. Open / Comment

2021-02-17 11:07:47 ​​What is Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)?

Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis or Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA) is a method of assessing your body composition: the measurement of body fat in relation to lean body mass. It is an integral part of a health and nutrition assessment.

BIA allows for early detection of an improper balance in your body composition, which fosters earlier intervention and prevention. BIA also provides a measurement of fluid and body mass that can be a critical assessment tool for your current state of health. This non-invasive test simply involves the placement of two electrodes on the person's right hand and foot. A low level, imperceptible electrical current is sent through the body. The flow of the current is affected by the amount of water in the body. The device measures how this signal is impeded through different types of tissue. Tissues that contain large amounts of fluid and electrolytes, such as blood, have high conductivity, but fat and bone slow the signal down. As BIA determines the resistance to flow of the current as it passes through the body, it provides estimates of body water from which body fat is calculated using selected equations. Open / Comment

2021-02-15 07:53:55 ​​How do Fighter Pilots use Washroom while flying?

As a fighter pilot, one of the most common questions they get is: How do you go to the bathroom in an F-16 or F-35? Let me start off by describing the cockpit.

Now, typically in training, flights are less than an hour and a half. As long as you don’t drink too much coffee before a flight, it’s generally not a problem. However, in combat, flown missions as long as 8 hours; crossing the Atlantic, for over 10 hours. For these missions, They use what affectionately call, piddle-packs.
Piddle-packs are the ultimate long road trip solution. They are specially shaped bags with absorbent beads in them. If they have to relieve themselves, they’ll unzip the flight suit which is designed to unzip from the top as well as the bottom unroll the piddle pack, and then pee into it. Once done, they’ll seal the top, while the absorbent beads turn it into a gel that won’t leak during hard maneuvering.
While the concept is simple, it takes time to become proficient at it. In the Air Force, a number of devices have been developed to make the process easier particularly for women. Open / Comment

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2021-02-13 06:51:28 ​​What is Contact Torpedo and How do it work under Water?

Simply put, a torpedo is a self propelled underwater missile that carries an explosive warhead to a target. Early torpedoes damaged their target by exploding as soon as it made contact. These torpedoes were called contact torpedoes. Newer torpedoes can detonate once in close proximity to a target. These proximity torpedoes do not even have to touch the ship to inflict damage upon it. A contact torpedo is one that has to physically hit the target to detonate. It accomplishes this through a contact fuse housed in the torpedo’s nose.
The method in which a contact torpedo causes damage is actually a two step process.

The initial explosion of the torpedo’s warhead causes a large gas bubble to form. Because this bubble expands so quickly, it forms a shockwave. Once this bubble/shock wave strikes the ship’s hull, it punches the hull plates in, rupturing the hull. The energy radiating out from the point of contact is enough to tear surrounding plates off of the hull. This forms a large hole in the ship’s hull.
Following the creation of the bubble, the displaced water around it rapidly begins pushing back. Once the bubble finally collapses, the water rushes back in to fill the void. Because contact torpedoes cause the bubble to form against the ship’s hull, the returning water collects right at the rupture formed by the initial explosion. With so much water rushing into this point, it forces a very strong jet of water to enter the rupture. This water jet can be powerful enough to punch through bulkheads or plating already weakened by the initial blast.

In addition to the blast wave itself, shrapnel is created from the pieces of the ship torn away in the explosion. Traveling at extremely high speeds, these projectiles can perforate the insides of the ship, causing extensive damage and further compromising watertight integrity. Open / Comment

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2021-02-11 10:51:36 ​​How are people able to breathe inside a submarine?

The air we breathe is made up of significant quantities of four gases. When we breathe in air, our bodies consume its oxygen and convert it to carbon dioxide. Exhaled air contains about 4.5-percent carbon dioxide. Our bodies do not do anything with nitrogen or argon. A Submarine
is a sealed container that contains people and a limited supply of air.

Oxygen is supplied either from pressurized tanks, an oxygen generator (which can form oxygen from the electrolysis of water or by some other means) or some sort of "oxygen canister" (You may remember these canisters because of their problems on the MIR Space Station they release oxygen by a very hot chemical reaction). Oxygen is either released continuously by a computerized system that senses the percentage of oxygen in the air, or it is released in batches periodically through the day.
Carbon dioxide can be removed from the air chemically using soda lime (sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide). The carbon dioxide is trapped in the soda lime by a chemical reaction and removed from the air. Other similar reactions can accomplish the same goal.
The moisture can be removed by a dehumidifier chemically. This prevents it from condensing on the walls and equipment inside the ship. Open / Comment

2021-02-09 15:46:26 ​​What Is an IQ Test?

An IQ test is an assessment that measures a range of cognitive abilities and provides a score that is intended to serve as a measure of an individual's intellectual abilities and potential. IQ tests are among the most commonly administered psychological tests. In order to understand what these scores really mean, it is essential to look at exactly how these test scores are calculated. Today, many tests are standardized and scores are derived by comparing individual performance against the norms for the individual's age group.

Historically, IQ tests have been scored in one of two ways. In the first method, a person's mental age was divided by their chronological age and then multiplied by 100. The other methods involve comparing scores against the scores of others in the individual's same age group. Many different tests are in use today including the afore mentioned Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, as well as the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Each individual test is different in terms of exactly what is being measured, how it is scored, and how these scores are interpreted. Open / Comment

2021-02-07 06:51:59 ​​What is Airfield Rubber Removal?

When a plane lands, the tires are not spinning. The time it takes for the tires to get up to speed is referred to as "spin up time". During this time the tires are effectively dragging on the runway as well as being put under pressure by the weight of the airplane. This can be seen in the slight puff of smoke that comes from a landing aircraft's tires as they first touch the runway surface. The friction built up causes the rubber to polymerise and harden to the runway surface.
The buildup of rubber affects the level of friction of the runway, most noticeably as a reduction in braking and ground handling performance. This can lead to incidents such as runway overrun or a lateral slide off the runway.
Airfield rubber removal, also known as runway rubber removal, is the use of high pressure water, abrasive, chemicals and/or other mechanical means to remove the rubber from tires that builds up on airport runways. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) specifies friction levels for safe operation of planes and measures friction coefficients for the evaluation of appropriate friction levels. Individual airports incorporate rubber removal into their maintenance schedules based on the number of take offs and landings that each airport experiences. Open / Comment