English Grammar Rules

2021-12-09 23:26:25 #Rule-26 Concrete and Abstract Nouns


All nouns serve to name a person, place, or thing. Depending on whether they name a tangible or an intangible thing, nouns are classed as being either concrete or abstract.


Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns name people, places, animals, or things that are or were physically tangible —that is, they can or could be seen or touched, or have some physical properties. For instance:
rocks
lake
countries
people
child
air
water
bread


Proper nouns are also usually concrete, as they describe unique people, places, or things.
Mary
The Queen
Africa
my MacBook
a Pepsi


Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns, as their name implies, name intangible things, such as concepts, ideas, feelings, characteristics, attributes, etc.—you cannot see or touch these kinds of things.
Here are some examples of abstract nouns:
love
hate
decency
conversation
emotion
aspiration
excitement
lethargy

Gerunds, verbs that end in “-ing” and function as nouns, are also abstract. For example:
running
swimming
jumping
reading
writing
loving
breathing

These all name actions as concepts. They cannot be seen or touched, so we know they are NOT concrete.

https://t.me/English_Grammar_Farlex Open / Comment

2021-10-01 22:09:16 Open / Comment

2021-10-01 22:07:17 Open / Comment

2021-10-01 22:06:23 Open / Comment

2021-10-01 22:04:51 Open / Comment

2021-10-01 22:02:58 Open / Comment

2021-10-01 21:58:44 #Rule -25 Capitalization


Proper nouns

Proper nouns, such as the name or title of a person, are the most frequent nouns of address. These nouns are always capitalized, no matter where they appear in a sentence. If a professional title is used with the name, it is capitalized as well. For example:

• “Can you help me, James?”
• “Thank you, Mrs. Smith, for being here.”
• “It’s so nice to meet you, Doctor Jenner.”
• “Hey, Coach Frank, how are you doing today?”



Common nouns in place of titles

Common nouns can also be used as nouns of address. If the common noun is the title of a job or family member and is used in place of a person’s name, it should always be capitalized. For example:

• “How are you doing, Coach?”
• “I need your advice, Mr. President.”
• "Can you come with me, Mom?”
• “Pleased to meet you, Doctor.”


Compare the examples above to the following cases in which the same titles of jobs and family members are not used to address the person directly, and therefore are not capitalized:

• “Give that football to the coach.”
• “Was the president at the meeting?”
• “Tell your mom to come with us.”
• “Did you call the doctor yet?”


Terms of endearment
When a term of endearment is being used in place of a person’s name, we do not capitalize the word unless it begins the sentence. For example:

• “Would you get me a glass of water, sweetie?”
• “Thanks, pal, I appreciate your help.”
• “Love, please put away your clothes.”



Other common nouns

If they do not act as a professional or familial title, other common nouns should generally remain in lowercase, unless they occur as the first word of the sentence. For example:

• “This, class, is the video I was telling you about.”
• “Can you help me, guy in the red shirt?”
• “Please stand up, boys and girls.”
• “Ladies and gentlemen, please remain seated for the duration of the performance.”

https://t.me/English_Grammar_Farlex Open / Comment

2021-09-28 15:12:58 #Rule-24 Nouns of Address



1- Definition

Nouns of address (technically called vocatives, but also known as nominatives of address or nouns of direct address) identify the person or group being directly spoken to.
Like interjections, they are grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence—that is, they don’t modify or affect any other part of it. Instead, they are used to let the listener or reader know who you are addressing, or to get that person’s attention. For example:

• “James, I need you to help me with the dishes.”
• “Can I have some money, Mom?”
• “This, class, is the video I was telling you about.”
• “Mr. President, I didn’t see you there.”
• “Hey, guy in the red shirt, can you help me?”



2- Punctuation

Nouns of address are found in the initial, middle, or final position in a sentence. No matter where they occur, they are normally set apart from the rest of the sentence by one or two commas. If they occur in the initial position, they are followed by a comma. If they occur in the middle position, they are enclosed between two commas, and if they occur in the final position, they are preceded by a comma. For example:

• “James, I was wondering if you could help me with the dishes.”
• “I was wondering, James, if you could help me with the dishes.”
• “I was wondering if you could help me with the dishes, James.”

• “Class, this is the video I was telling you about.”
• “This, class, is the video I was telling you about.”
• “This is the video I was telling you about, class.”

https://t.me/English_Grammar_Farlex Open / Comment

2021-08-31 23:35:48 https://t.me/English_Grammar_in_Use_5th Open / Comment

2021-07-13 11:32:35 #Rule-23 Proper Nouns


Proper nouns, on the other hand, are used to identify a unique person, place, or thing. A proper noun names someone or something that is one of a kind, which is signified by the use of a capital letter, no matter where it appears in a sentence.


1- Names:
The most common proper nouns are names, as of people, places, or events. For example:

• “Go find Jeff and tell him dinner is ready.”
• “I lived in Cincinnati before I moved to New York.”
• “My parents still talk about how great Woodstock was in 1969.”



2- Brands:
Proper nouns are also used for commercial brands. In this case, the object that’s being referred to is not unique in itself, but the brand it belongs to is. For example:

• “Pass me the Hellmann’s mayonnaise.”
• “I’ll have a Pepsi, please.”
• “My new MacBook is incredibly fast.”



3- Appellations:

When a person has additional words added to his or her name (known as an appellation), this becomes part of the proper noun and is also capitalized. (Some linguists distinguish these as proper names, rather than proper nouns.) For example:

• “Prince William is adored by many.”
• “Italy was invaded by Attila the Hun in 452.”



4- Job Titles and Familial Roles:

Many times, a person may be referred to according to a professional title or familial role instead of by name. In this case, the title is being used as a noun of address and is considered a proper noun, even if it would be a common noun in other circumstances. For example:

• “How are you doing, Coach?”
• “I need your advice, Mr. President.”
• "Mom, can you come with me to the playground?”
• “Pleased to meet you, Doctor.”

https://t.me/English_Grammar_Farlex Open / Comment