NEET IIT JEE Study Material

2021-07-26 16:38:47 Important Points For NEET

Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-

Examples of homologous organs:

(i) Forelimbs of mammals
(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots

Examples of Analogous organs :

(i) Wings of butterfly and birds
(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates Open / Comment

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2021-07-25 19:54:01 #Revision

Important Notes - Electrochemical Cells

► An electrochemical cell can convert electrical energy to chemical energy and can also convert electrical energy to chemical energy. There are two types of electrochemical cells- Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell.

► Cathodes are usually metal electrodes. It is the electrode where reduction takes place. The cathode is the positive electrode in a galvanic cell and a negative electrode in an electrolytic cell. Electrons move into the cathode.

► A half-cell is half of an electrochemical cell (electrolytic or galvanic), where either oxidation or reduction occurs. At equilibrium, there is no transfer of electrons across the half cells. Therefore, the potential difference between them is nil.

► A salt bridge is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (a type of electrochemical cell). Strong electrolytes are generally used to make the salt bridges in electrochemical cells. Since ZnSO4 is not a strong electrolyte, it is not used to make salt bridges.

► Emf of a cell is equal to the maximum potential difference across its electrodes, which occurs when no current is drawn through the cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.

► Cell potential is an intensive property as it is independent of the amount of material present. Gibbs free energy is defined for an electrochemical cell and is an extensive property as it depends on the quantity of the material.

► Electrode potential is the tendency of an electrode to accept or to lose electrons. Electrode potential depends on the nature of the electrode, temperature of the solution and the concentration of metal ions in the solution. It doesn’t depend on the size of the electrode.

► The salt bridge connects the two half-cell solutions to complete the circuit of the electrochemical cell. The electrolytes of the salt bridge are generally prepared in agar-agar or gelatin so that the electrolytes are kept in a semi-solid phase and do not mix with the half-cell solutions and interfere with the electrochemical reaction.

► A salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium.

► A Voltaic or Galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. An Electrolytic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity.

► For all spontaneous chemical reactions, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is always negative. For a spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell, the cell potential (E°cell) should be positive.

► In an electrochemical cell, when an opposing externally potential is applied and increased slowly, the reaction continues to take place. When the external potential is equal to the potential of the cell, the reaction stops. Once the externally applied potential is greater than the potential of the cell, the reaction goes in the opposite direction and the cell behaves like an electrolytic cell.

► Primary cells cannot be used again and again. Since there is no fluid inside, these cells are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is irreversible. Their initial cost is cheap.

► A secondary battery (a series of cells) is one which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times. Nickel-cadmium cell, Lead storage cell and Mercury cell are examples of secondary cells. Leclanche cell is an example of a primary cell. Open / Comment

2021-07-25 13:59:00 *#Some_Important_Questions#*

* CELL *

The word cell came from the latin word.
* Ans: Cellula*

All living organisms are made up of
* Ans: Cell*

Study of cell - *Cytology*

Study of tissue - *Histology*

The physical unit of life
* Ans: Protoplasm*

Who invented the cell?
* Ans: Robert Hook in 1665*

Cell theory was proposed by?
* Ans: M.J. Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839)*

Scientist who observed cork cells under a microscope?
* Ans: Robert Hook*

Plant cell was discovered by?
* Ans: Robert Hook*

The term protoplasm was coined by 3.E. Purkinje Scientist who called protoplasm as the physical basis of life T.H. Huxley

Largest cell
* Ans: Ostrich's egg*

Smallest cell?
* Ans: Mycoplasma*

Organisms known as pleuro pneumonia like organism (PPLO)?
* Ans: Mycoplasma*

Smallest cell in the human body?
* Ans: Sperm*

Largest cell in human body?
* Ans: Ovum*

Longest cell in human body?
* Ans: Neuron*

Power house of a cell?
* Ans: Mitochondria*

Brain of the cell?
* Ans: Nucleus*

Kitchen of the cell?
* Ans: Chloroplast*

Energy Currency of the cell?
* Ans: ATP*

Suicidal bag?
* Ans: Lysosomes*

Traffic Police of the cell?
* Ans: Golgibodies*

Skeletal system of the cell?
* Ans: Endoplasmic reticulum*

The cell having most life span in human body?
* Ans: RBC*

Cytoplasm and Nucleus are included in?
* Ans: Protoplasm*

The cell organelle known as protein factory?
* Ans: Ribosome*

The organelle in the site of protein synthesis?
* Ans: Ribosome*

Ribosome has its own?
* Ans: RNA*

Two types of acids present in cell?
* Ans: DNA and RNA*

The basic unit of chromosome?
* Ans: DNA*

The functional unit of DNA?
* Ans: Genes*

Function of DNA?
* Ans: Transmission of hereditary traits*

Function of RNA?
* Ans: Protein synthesis*

Each chromosome has?
* Ans: A pair of DNA*

DNA sugar is called?
* Ans: Deoxyribose*

The nitrogen bases in DNA?
* Ans: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine*

The RNA sugar?
* Ans: Ribose*

The nitrogen bases in RNA?
* Ans : Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine*

The double helical model of DNA was discovered by?
* Ans: James Watson and Francis Crick*

The enzyme present in lysosome?
* Ans: Hydrolytic enzyme*

Lysosome was discovered by?
* Ans: Christion de Duve (1955)*

Compounds enter the cell through?
* Ans: Endoplasmic reticulum*

The cell organelle which is the sites of energy transfer in living cell?
* Ans: Mitochondria*

The functions of mitochondria?
* Ans: Cellular respiration, ATP production*

The stage of cellular respiration which does not need oxygen?
* Ans: Glycolysis*

The term Mitochondria was coined by?
* Ans: Carl Benda (1898)*

Name the process in which the main product is energy?
* Ans: Cellular respiration*

In mitochondria the energy is formed in the form of?
* Ans: ATP molecules*

Which molecule is known as the energy currency?
* Ans : ATP molecule*

ATP?
* Ans: Adenosine Triphosphate*

The cell that lacks mitochondria and nucleus?
* Ans: RBC*

Number of ATP molecule that will get from one molecule of glucose?
* Ans: 38ATP*

The elements in the component of ATP?
* Ans: Nitrogen and phosphorus*

Kerb's cycle is related to?
* Ans: Cellular respiration*

Cell respiration was discovered by?
* Ans: Adolf Krebs*

The whole process of a cell is controlled by?
* Ans: Nucleus*

The cell without nucleus?
* Ans: Prokaryotic cell*

The cell with nucleus?
* Ans : Eukaryotic cell*

Nucleus was discovered by?
* Ans : Robert Brown*

Name the process in which lysosome digest its own cell organelles?
* Ans: Autoplagy*

A network like structure inside the nucleus is called?
* Ans: Chromatin Reticulum*

The structure of cell is first explained in the book of?
* Ans: Micrographia*

The living thing which do not obey cell theory?
* Ans: Virus*

The scientist first studied about all structure and cell reaction?
* Ans: Theodor Schwaan*

Schwaan cell are seen in?
* Ans: Nerve cell* Open / Comment

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2021-07-24 18:58:47 BORON:
•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer
•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.

NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule. Open / Comment