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2021-12-26 08:58:53 Various forms and function of essential nutrients-

Nitrogen- required by plants in greatest amount, it is absorbed by plants as NO2–, NO3– and NH4+ . It is one of the major constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.

Phosphorus- Absorbed by plants from soil in the form of phosphate ions. It is the constituent of cell membrane. All nucleic acids and nucleotides require phosphorus.

Potassium – absorbed as potassium ions (K+). Help to maintain cation-anion balance in cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata.

Calcium – absorbed by plants from soil in form of Calcium ions (Ca2+). Used in synthesis of cell wall. It activates certain enzymes.

Magnesium- absorbed by plants in form of Mg2+ ions. It activates the enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, and involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of chlorophyll.

Sulphur- plants obtain sulphur in form of sulphate (SO42-). Present in amino acids (cysteine, methionine) and is main constituent of coenzymes and vitamins.

Iron- obtained in the form of ferric iron (Fe3+). It is important constituent of protein involved in transport system.

Manganese-absorbed in form of Mn2+ ions. Main function is splitting of water to liberate Hydrogen and Oxygen during photosynthesis.

Zinc-obtained as Zn2+ ions. Activate enzymes like carboxylases. Needed in formation of Auxin.

Copper –absorbed as cupric ions(Cu2+). Involved in various metabolic activities and redox reactions.

Boron-absorbed as BO33- or B4O72- ions. Required for uptake of calcium, cell elongation and pollen germination.

Chlorine – it is absorbed in form of Cl– ions. Determine the solute concentration and splitting of water during photosynthesis. Open / Comment

2021-12-26 08:05:49 Part Test-lll– Intensive preparation to make you confident
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2021-12-25 17:47:59 Matter In Our Surroundings

Everything found in this universe is made up of some materials, scientists have named them as “matter.” For example, the food we eat, the air we breathe, stones, clouds, stars, plants, animals, water, dust, everything is categorized as matter.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of matter are very small, normally, not visible from naked eye.
Particles of matter keep moving continuously, which is known as the “kinetic energy.”
Kinetic energy of particles directly depends on the temperature, as temperature increases, the speed of the movement also increases.
The particles of matter have attracting force; therefore, they attract each other.
The attracting force of the particles keeps the particles together; however, the strength of the attracting force varies from one kind of matter to another.

States of Matter
Matter has three following states −
Solid State
Liquid State
Gaseous State

Solid State
All the solid materials have a definite shape, distinct boundaries, and fixed volumes.
Most of the solid materials have negligible compressibility.
All the solid materials have a natural tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.
The solid materials can be broken under applied force, but it is very difficult to change their shape, as they are rigid.

Liquid State
Unlike solids, liquids have no fixed shape; however, they have a fixed volume
Liquids take up the shape of the container in which they are kept.
Liquids have the property to flow and change shape.

Gaseous State
Matter in the form of air, which is neither solid nor liquid, is known as gas. For example, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.
Unlike solid, gas has not definite size and shape.
The gases, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG – used in cooking); compressed natural gas (CNG – used as fuel in vehicles), etc. have high compressibility; therefore, large volume of a gas can be compressed into a small cylinder and can be transported easily.
Gases, normally, show the property of diffusing very fast into other gases. This is the reason that we can smell (either good or bad) from the distance.

Matter Can Change its State
Water can exist in all three states, e.g. Ice as solid; water (H2O) as liquid; and water vapor as gas.
The temperature, at which solid melt and transform into the liquid (at the given atmospheric pressure), is known as “melting point.”
The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.
The melting point of ice is 273.16 K, i.e. 00 C.
The process of melting (i.e. change of solid state into liquid state) is known as fusion.
The amount of heat energy, which is required to change 1 kg of a solid materials into liquid materials at a given atmospheric pressure, is known as the latent heat of fusion.
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the given atmospheric pressure is known as “boiling point.”
The boiling point of water is 373 K i.e. 1000C.
A change of state of a matter directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state (or vice versa) is known as “sublimation.”
The phenomenon i.e. change of a liquid into vapors at any temperature below its boiling point is known as “evaporation.”
Solid carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored under high pressure.
Solid CO2 gets converted directly into gaseous state once the pressure decreases to 1 atmosphere.
Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by the gas and the unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa); 1 atmosphere = 1.01 × 105 Pa.


The Fourth State of Matter
Plasma is the state that consists of super energetic and super excited particles.
The super excited particles are found in the form of ionized gases. E.g. the fluorescent tube (which contains helium gas) and neon sign bulbs (which contain neon gas) consist of plasma. Open / Comment

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