#
Esophageal_Dysphagia:
Dysphagia either:1- Oropharngeal: inability to initiate swallowing + regurgitation.
2- Esophageal: sensation of food being stuck in the chest after swallowing.
#Causes:
Mechanical:
1- Esophageal Carcinoma.
2- Peptic stricture.
3- Zencker's Diverticulum.
4- Esophageal Webs.
5- Schatzki ring.
6- Lymphoma.
7- Thymoma.
Functional:
1- Achalasia.
2-Scleroderma.
3- Diffuse esophageal spasms (DES).
#Notes:
Esophageal Carcinoma either:
Adenocarcinoma or
Squamous cell Ca.
Adenocarcinoma arise from the lower esophagus (area of Barret mucosa).
Adenocarcinoma greatest risk factor: Longstanding GERD.
Squamous cell Ca can arise from anywhere commonly upper and middle esophagus.
Squamous cell Ca greatest risk factors include: smoking and alcoholism.
Dysphagia in elder+ Wt loss + red flag signs = Esophageal Carcinoma.
To confirm diagnosis EGD & biobsy.
CT/PET scan for Mets.
#
Reference:
1)Toronto notes 2020.
2)UWORLD Surgery.
3)https://t.me/spotdiagnosis/150
