Surgery videos & books

2024-04-11 10:03:01 Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Biliary atresia

Kasai operation is also known as hepatoportoenterostomy.

Biliary atresia is currently MC indication for pediatric liver
transplantation.

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2024-03-15 11:53:01 Correct Answer - D
Ans. D: Ureterocele

The term ureterocele denotes a cystic ballooning of the distal end of the ureter.

This type of ureterocele is also termed orthotopic, since it
arises from a ureter with a normal insertion into the trigone.

An intravesical ureterocele results from the prolapse of the mucosa
of the terminal segment of the ureter through the ureterovesical
orifice into the bladder.

This prolapsed ureteral mucosa carries with it a portion of the
continuous sheet of the bladder mucosa around the orifice.

The prolapsed segment thus has a wall that consists of a thin layer of
muscle and collagen interposed between the bladder uroepithelium
and the ureter uroepithelium.

Since the terminal ureteral orifice is usually narrowed and partially
obstructed, and since there is no muscle support for the double
mucosal walls of the prolapsed segment, it dilates.

This dilated segment fills with urine and protrudes into the bladder.

On excretory urography, cobra head sign is classically seen with an
intravesical ureterocele.

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2024-02-29 19:42:01 Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Spontaneous rupture of oesophagus

Chilaiditi's syndrome : Condition characterised by inter position of
small or large bowel between liver and right diaphragm.

Radiologically it gives gas under diaphragm.

Iatrogenic pneumoperitoneum : Certain procedure like peritoneal
dialysis, Iatrogenically air pushed before putting PD cannula to avoid
injury of viscera in such case gas under diaphragm can be seen.

All cases when intestine or viscera preforat we can get gas under
diaphragm.

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2024-02-20 00:03:01 Correct Answer - D
Answer- D
Historically, the most common site of gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoid
tumors was the appendix.
Currently, however, the most common site of carcinoids in the GI tract is the small intestine (30%), followed by the rectum (19.6%).
In most studies, the appendix is only the third most common site of GI carcinoids, and in some studies, it is the fourth most common.

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2024-02-16 13:35:07 Correct Answer - D
Answer- D. 80

Routine use of noncontast CT Scan has completely revolutionized to
imaging evaluation of renal stone disease, nearly completely
replacing plain radigrpahs and X urography for diagnosis of acute
ureteral obstruction by renal stones.

Nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of calculi in the renal collecting system.

Nearly 10 % of the population will form a renal stone in their lifetime.
Sufficient calcium oxalate and phosphate is present in 80 % of the renal calculi for them to be radio-opaque on the plain radiographs.

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2024-02-08 17:21:01 Correct Answer - C
Ans. is c) i.e. depth of penetration of bowel walls

Schwartz writes
"Regional lymph node involvement is the most common form of
spread of colorectal carcinoma and usually preceeds distant metastasis or the development of carcinomatosis.

the T stage (depth of invasion) is the single most significant predictor of lymph node spread."

From the above given lines 'depth of penetration of bowel wall'
appears to be predictor of distant metastases as well.

CEA level is a marker for recurrance of colorectal ca after surgical resection.

Though its preoperative levels has some prognostic significance, it is
not a predictor for distant metastasis.

CEA level is used to follow up post operative cases of colorectal
cancer, for early detection of recurrence

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2024-02-01 10:54:01 Correct Answer - B
Ans. B: Sapheno-femoral Incompetence

A test to assess the
competence of the saphenofemoral junction.

The Brodie-Trendelenburg test is used to detect venous
incompetence and to differentiate between perforator and GSV
incompetence.

The Brodie-Trendelenburg test is highly sensitive for the
identification of superficial and perforator reflux.

SFJ (saphenofemoral junction) incompetence is diagnosed if the
distal veins fill rapidly upon release of the tourniquet.

Some textbooks refer to the Trendelenburg test and the tourniquet test interchangeab

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2024-01-02 21:51:01 Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Release of epinephrine

The major hemodynamic abnormality in hypovolemic shock is decrease in preload.

The immediate physiological response of the body to the sudden decrease in volume (preload), is a release of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).

The subsequent increase in heart rate and contractility help maintain
cardiac output


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