UPSC Mains 2023 Materials

2022-12-06 07:34:33 Urban Mobility

Urbanisation is associated with better mobility.
In India, roads are multipurpose public goods, used by various classes of motorised and non-motorised vehicles, as well as other users such as street-sellers, children playing and animals.

Congestion on Roads

Congestion is a big barrier to economic development and the quality of life.
A better understanding of the factors behind congestion will improve the policy measures to
improve urban mobility in India.
Indian cities are slow due to uncongested mobility and not due to mobility delays.
Analysis suggests that there are much larger gains from a 10% improvement in uncongested mobility than from implementing optimal congestion pricing in urban India.

Transportation Sector

Transportation remains the largest sector of lending by the World Bank.
Regional lending institutions, represent more than 20% of their net commitments towards transportation.
Demand for infrastructure investments will continue to increase in the future.

Policy challenges

Travel patterns in India are different from those in the US.
Given that urban mobility is slow, standard policy recommendations like congestion pricing, or other types of travel restrictions, may do little to improve mobility in India.
Urbanisation and economic development lead to ever larger cities and increased rates of motorisation, and these two features will lead to complete gridlock.
Recent population growth and a measure of cars per capita are associated with congestion.

Way Forward

Since the costs of congestion, transportation infrastructure and global warming will only increase in the future, transportation policy should be based on the careful analysis of high-quality data, and not on the claims of advocacy groups.
The data can be used to learn about the fundamentals of urban travel beyond mobility and congestion.
India’s unique travel patterns imply that country-level policies, and local-specific investments, are necessary.
Scaling up investments in travel infrastructure is the way to improve uncongested mobility.
Future research and engineering studies can identify cost-effective ways to build faster urban networks.

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2022-12-05 17:43:19 Sanskriti IAS की नई कार्य-योजना के लिये अनुभवी एवं विशेषज्ञ अध्यापकों की अवश्यकता है।

आवश्यक अर्हताएँ :

1). IAS/PCS परीक्षाओं में सामान्य अध्ययन के विभिन्न विषयों के अध्यापन का अनुभव।
2). ऑनलाइन प्लेटफॉर्म पर पढ़ाने का पर्याप्त अनुभव।
3). अपने विषय में विशेषज्ञता।
4). हिंदी और अंग्रेज़ी दोनों भाषाओं में पढ़ाने में दक्षता।

यदि आपके पास उपर्युक्त योग्यताएँ हैं और आप अध्यापन के क्षेत्र में बेहतर कॅरियर चाहते हैं तो कृपया नीचे दिये गए लिंक पर क्लिक करके फॉर्म भरें। फॉर्म में अपने डेमो वीडियो का लिंक अवश्य दें ताकि हमारी टीम आपके अध्यापन से संबंधित विभिन्न पक्षों का मूल्यांकन कर सके।

आपका डेमो वीडियो ही आपके चुनाव का आधार है, इसलिये कोशिश करें कि वीडियो प्रभावशाली हो।

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आभार,
संस्कृति IAS Open / Comment

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2022-12-04 19:38:43 What are the Women-Centric Findings of NFHS-5?

Underage Marriages:

The national average of underage marriages has come down.
According to NFHS-5, 23.3% of women surveyed got married before attaining the legal age of 18 years, down from 26.8% reported in NFHS-4.
The figure for underage marriage among men is 17.7% (NFHS-5) and 20.3% (NFHS-4).

Highest Surge:

The rate has increased in Punjab, West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Assam.
Tripura has seen the largest jump in marriages for women from 33.1% (NHFS-4) to 40.1%, and from 16.2% to 20.4% among men.

Highest Rate of Underage Marriages: West Bengal, along with Bihar, remains one of the states with the highest rate of underage marriages.
Lowest Rate of Underage Marriages: J&K, Lakshadweep, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Nagaland, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.

Teenage Pregnancies: Teenage pregnancies are down from 7.9% to 6.8%.

Domestic Violence Against Women:

Overall: Domestic violence has come down marginally from 31.2% in 2015-16 to 29.3% in 2019-21.
Highest and Lowest (States): Domestic violence against women is highest in Karnataka at 48%, followed by Bihar, Telangana, Manipur and Tamil Nadu.

Women’s Empowerment:

Women’s empowerment
indicators portray considerable improvement at all India level and across all the phase-II States/UTs.
Significant progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to women operating bank accounts from 53% to 79% at all-India level.
More than 70% of women in every state and UTs in the second phase have operational bank accounts.

Anaemia: The incidence of anaemia in women (53.1 to 57%) and men (22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of India (20%-40% incidence is considered moderate).
Barring Kerala (at 39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.

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