UPSC Notes EPFO Labour Law

2021-08-06 14:34:12 Perfect Competition

Perfect competition describes a market structure where competition is at its greatest possible level.

Perfect competition or competitive markets -also referred to as pure, or free competition-, expresses the idea of the combination of a wide range of firms, which freely enter or leave the market and which considers prices as information, since each bidder only provides a relative small share of the good to the market and thus do not exert a noticeable influence on it. Therefore, perfect competitors cannot influence the levels of market clearing prices. Also, buyers are numerous and disperse, which also means that they cannot influence prices.

This market model is based on a set of assumptions, each of them representing a necessary but insufficient condition to ensure perfect competition. These assumptions are:

-Homogeneous product: all firms offer the same goods, with the same characteristics and quality as the others, without any variations.

-Large number of agents: there should be a sufficient quantity of buyers and sellers, so that no action from a single agent will affect the market structure or its prices.

-No entry or exit barriers: there has to be free entry and exit of agents in the market. This assumption is of special interest for firms, which must be able to enter or leave the market freely.

-Price flexibility: price adjustments to changes happen as fast as possible. Usually, price changes are assumed instantaneous.

-Free and perfect information: all agents have perfect knowledge of products and their prices, and everything else related to them, as well as free access to this information.

-Perfect factor mobility: all factors should be able to change so adjustments processes can be carried out with the greatest efficiency.

-No government intervention: markets should be left alone as government intervention would only lead to imbalances in perfectly competitive markets.

Perfect competition markets are almost impossible to find in the real word as all markets have some type of imperfection. This is the reason they are mostly considered only theoretically. However, its study helps understand real world markets and their phenomena.

To make it more clear, a market which exhibits the following characteristics in its structure is said to show perfect competition:

1. Large number of buyers and sellers

2. Homogenous product is produced by every firm

3. Free entry and exit of firms

4. Zero advertising cost

5. Consumers have perfect knowledge about the market and are well aware of any changes in the market. Consumers indulge in rational decision making.

6. All the factors of production, viz. labour, capital, etc, have perfect mobility in the market and are not hindered by any market factors or market forces.

7. No government intervention

8. No transportation costs

9. Each firm earns normal profits and no firms can earn super-normal profits.

10. Every firm is a price taker. It takes the price as decided by the forces of demand and supply. No firm can influence the price of the product. Open / Comment

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Avail the discount here: https://www.anujjindal.in/project/nabard-online-course/ Open / Comment

2021-08-06 05:03:27 करेंट अफेयर्स - 6 अगस्त 2021
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1. उत्तराखंड ने किया भारत के पहले भूकंप मोबाइल ऐप का अनावरण
उत्तराखंड के मुख्यमंत्री पुष्कर सिंह धामी ने 'उत्तराखंड भूकंप अलर्ट' नाम से अपनी तरह का पहला भूकंप पूर्व चेतावनी मोबाइल एप्लिकेशन लॉन्च किया है। ऐप को उत्तराखंड राज्य आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण के सहयोग से आईआईटी रुड़की द्वारा विकसित किया गया है।

2. केंद्रीय मंत्रिमंडल ने 1,023 फास्ट ट्रैक विशेष अदालतों को जारी रखने की मंजूरी दी
केंद्रीय मंत्रिमंडल ने केंद्र प्रायोजित योजना के रूप में 389 विशेष पॉक्सो अदालतों सहित 1,023 फास्ट ट्रैक विशेष अदालतों को अगले दो वर्षों के लिए जारी रखने की मंजूरी दी है। केंद्रीय मंत्री अनुराग ठाकुर ने कहा कि 31 राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में से 28 ने योजना शुरू की है। पश्चिम बंगाल उन राज्यों में से एक है जिसने इस योजना को शुरू नहीं किया है।

3. RBI ने हेवलेट-पैकार्ड फाइनेंशियल सर्विसेज पर लगाया 6 लाख रुपये का जुर्माना
भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक ने बेंगलुरु स्थित हेवलेट-पैकार्ड फाइनेंशियल सर्विसेज (इंडिया) प्राइवेट लिमिटेड पर 6 लाख रुपये का मौद्रिक जुर्माना लगाया है। RBI ने कहा 31 मार्च 2019 को अपनी वित्तीय स्थिति के संबंध में कंपनी के वैधानिक निरीक्षण में अन्य बातों के साथ-साथ, (i) बड़े क्रेडिट पर सूचना के केंद्रीय भंडार को क्रेडिट जानकारी प्रस्तुत करने और (ii) क्रेडिट सूचना कंपनियों को क्रेडिट डेटा प्रस्तुत करने पर सांविधिक निर्देशों का अनुपालन न करने का खुलासा किया।

4. भारत और विश्व बैंक ने हस्ताक्षर किए $250 मिलियन की परियोजना पर
विश्व बैंक ने दीर्घकालिक बांध सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम और भारत के विभिन्न राज्यों में मौजूदा बांधों की सुरक्षा और प्रदर्शन में सुधार के लिए भारत में 250 मिलियन अमरीकी डालर की परियोजनाओं को मंजूरी दी है। दूसरा बांध पुनर्वास और सुधार परियोजना समझौता विश्व बैंक, भारत सरकार, केंद्रीय जल आयोग और 10 भाग लेने वाले राज्यों के सरकारी प्रतिनिधियों के बीच हुआ था। इस परियोजना को केंद्रीय जल आयोग के माध्यम से राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर लागू किया जाएगा।

5. सेवानिवृत्त न्यायमूर्ति वी एम कनाडे मुंबई लोकायुक्त नियुक्त
महाराष्ट्र के राज्यपाल, भगत सिंह कोश्यारी ने मुख्यमंत्री उद्धव ठाकरे की सलाह पर, बॉम्बे हाईकोर्ट के सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश न्यायमूर्ति वी एम कनाडे को महाराष्ट्र के नए लोकायुक्त के रूप में नियुक्त करने की मंजूरी दे दी है।

6. INS खंजर हेरिटेज कोस्टल पोर्ट पर कॉल करने वाला पहला INS बना
भारतीय नौसेना का जहाज खंजर ओडिशा के गोपालपुर के विरासत तटीय बंदरगाह पर कॉल करने वाला पहला भारतीय नौसेना जहाज बन गया। आजादी की 75वीं वर्षगांठ और 1971 के युद्ध की 50वीं वर्षगांठ के उपलक्ष्य में आजादी का अमृत महोत्सव के साथ-साथ स्वर्णिम विजय वर्ष समारोह के हिस्से के रूप में दो दिवसीय यात्रा का आयोजन किया गया था।

7. पुरुष हॉकी में भारत ने जीता कांस्य
भारतीय पुरुष हॉकी टीम ने जर्मनी को हराकर 41 साल में अपना पहला ओलंपिक पदक जीता। भारत ने टोक्यो ओलंपिक में जर्मनी को 5-4 से हराकर पुरुष हॉकी में कांस्य पदक जीता। कांस्य पदक जीतने से पहले, भारत आखिरी बार 1980 में ओलंपिक पोडियम पर चढ़ा था, जब उन्होंने खेलों में अपना 8 वां स्वर्ण जीता था।

8. रवि कुमार दहिया ने टोक्यो ओलंपिक 2020 में जीता रजत पदक
भारतीय पहलवान रवि कुमार दहिया ने पुरुषों के 57 किग्रा फ्रीस्टाइल वर्ग के फाइनल में रूसी ओलंपिक समिति के जवुर यूगेव से हारकर रजत पदक जीता।

9. मनन भट्ट नई किताब बालाकोट हवाई हमले 2019 पर
गरुड़ प्रकाशन द्वारा प्रकाशित "बालाकोट एयर स्ट्राइक: हाउ इंडिया एवेंज्ड पुलवामा" नामक एक नई पुस्तक, नौसेना के अनुभवी मनन भट्ट द्वारा लिखी गई है। प्रकाशक के अनुसार, "एरेसी थ्रिलर " "एड्रेनालिन-पुशिंग एक्शन" के साथ, पाठकों की देशभक्ति को तेज कर देगा, जबकि उन्हें सशस्त्र बलों के प्रति कृतज्ञता और गर्व की भावना से भर देगा।

10. पद्म श्री पुरस्कार से सम्मानित पद्मा सचदेव का निधन
पद्म श्री पुरस्कार से सम्मानित और डोगरी भाषा की पहली आधुनिक महिला कवियत्री पद्मा सचदेव का निधन हो गया। उन्हें 2001 में देश का चौथा सबसे बड़ा नागरिक पुरस्कार पद्म श्री मिला और उन्हें मध्य प्रदेश सरकार द्वारा 2007-08 के लिए कविता के लिए कबीर सम्मान से सम्मानित किया गया। Open / Comment

2021-08-06 05:03:26 Current Affairs - 6 August 2021
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1. Uttarakhand unveils India’s first earthquake mobile app
Uttarakhand Chief Minister, Pushkar Singh Dhami has launched the first-of-its-kind earthquake early warning mobile application, named ‘Uttarakhand Bhookamp Alert’. The app has been developed by IIT Roorkee, in association with Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority (USDMA).

2. Union Cabinet approves continuation of 1,023 fast track special courts
The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of 1,023 fast track special courts, including 389 exclusive POCSO courts, as a centrally sponsored scheme for another two years. Union minister Anurag Thakur said out of 31 states and union territories, 28 have started the scheme. West Bengal is one of the states which has not started the scheme.

3. RBI imposes Rs 6 lakh penalty on Hewlett-Packard Financial Services
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed a monetary penalty of Rs 6 lakh on Bengaluru-based Hewlett-Packard Financial Services (India) Private Ltd. RBI said the statutory inspection of the company, concerning its financial position as of March 31, 2019, revealed, inter alia, non-compliance with the statutory directions on (i) submission of credit information to Central Repository of Information on Large Credits and (ii) submission of credit data to Credit Information Companies.

4. India & World Bank sign $250 million project to safe dams and resilient
The World Bank has approved a USD 250 million projects in India for a long-term dam safety program and improving the safety and performance of existing dams across various states of India. The Second Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project agreement was inked on between the World Bank, the Government of India, the Central Water Commission, and government representatives from 10 participating states. The project will be implemented at the national level through the Central Water Commission.

5. Retired Justice V M Kanade appointed Lokayukta in Mumbai
Maharashtra Governor, Bhagat Singh Koshyari has approved the appointment of retired Bombay high court judge Justice V M Kanade as the new Lokayukta of Maharashtra, on the advice of the chief minister Uddhav Thackeray.

6. INS Khanjar becomes the first INS to call at heritage coastal port
Indian Naval Ship Khanjar becomes the first Indian Navy ship to call at the heritage coastal port of Gopalpur in Odisha. The two-day visit was organised as part of Aazadi ka Amrit Mahotsav as well as Swarnim Vijay Varsh celebrations to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Independence and the 50th anniversary of the 1971 War.

7. India wins bronze in men’s hockey, beat Germany 5-4
Indian men’s hockey team defeated Germany to win their first-ever Olympic medal in 41 years. India wins the bronze medal in men’s hockey after beating Germany 5-4 at Tokyo Olympics. Before this podium finish for bronze, India last climbed up the Olympic podium in 1980, when it won its 8th gold at the Games.

8. Ravi Kumar Dahiya wins silver medal at Tokyo Olympics 2020
Indian wrestler Ravi Kumar Dahiya bagged the silver medal after losing in the final of men’s 57kg freestyle category to Russian Olympic Committee’s (ROC) Zavur Uguev.

9. A new book on Balakot air strikes 2019 authored by Manan Bhatt
A new book titled “Balakot Air Strike: How India Avenged Pulwama”, published by Garuda Prakashan, is written by Navy veteran Manan Bhatt. According to the publisher, the book, “a racy thriller” with “adrenalin-pushing action”, would make readers’ patriotism brim over, while filling them with a sense of gratitude and pride towards the armed forces.

10. Padma Shri awardee Padma Sachdev passes away
Padma Shri awardee and noted author Padma Sachdev, the first modern woman poet of Dogri language, passed away. She received the Padma Shri, the country’s fourth-highest civilian award, in 2001 and was awarded the Kabir Samman for poetry for 2007-08 by the Madhya Pradesh government. Open / Comment

2021-08-05 12:34:49 Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana 2015 - Fund the Unfunded

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a flagship program of Government of India to “fund the unfunded” basically through this scheme financial institutions like Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking financial Companies (NBFCs), Small Finance Banks, RBRs, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks etc. will provide loans at very low rate to the new Ideas or Startups and people having a business plan in a Non-Farming Sector with Income generating activities.

Objective of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
★ To sanction loans up to rupees 10 Lakhs to those who have a business plan or new idea to generate income but don’t have enough capital to invest. Provided the plan should be of non-farming activity and which can promote manufacturing, processing, trading, or service sector.
★ To create new sources of employment and increase the overall GDP of India.
★ With the help of establishment of MUDRA bank, the network of microfinance institutions will be monitored and new registration will also be done.
★ Integration of Informal economy into Formal sector as incomes from the informal sector are non-taxed.


Types of Loans Provided

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has three type of loans scheme as per the funding requirements or idea of the Beneficiary or the Entrepreneur.

1. Shishu : covering loans upto 50,000/-
2. Kishor : covering loans above 50,000/- and upto 5 lakh
3. Tarun : covering loans above 5 lakh and upto 10 lakh

There is no subsidy for the loan given under PMMY. However, if the loan proposal is linked with some Government scheme, wherein the Government is providing capital subsidy, it will be eligible under PMMY also.

Sectors covered under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ Land Transport Sector : - Loans provided to the beneficiary to support the purchase of transport vehicles. These vehicles could be used for goods or personal transport such as auto rickshaw, small goods transport vehicle, 3 wheelers, e-rickshaw, passenger cars, taxis, etc.

★ Textile Sector :- Loans provided to support micro textile industries that produce garment and non-garment products like Handloom and power loom industry, Handwork industry which works on embroidery, chikan work, dyeing and printing, knitting, etc.

★ Service Sector :- This includes community services, social services, or personal services such as saloons, beauty parlors, gymnasium, boutiques, tailoring shops, dry cleaning, cycle and motorcycle repair shop, DTP and Photocopying Facilities, Medicine Shops, Courier Agents, etc.

★ Food Product Sector :- This include small scale food activities such as papad making, achaar making, jam / jelly making, agricultural produce preservation at rural level, sweet shops, small service food stalls and day to day catering / canteen services, cold chain vehicles, cold storages, ice making units, ice cream making units, biscuit, bread and bun making, etc.


How to apply for MUDRA loan
Entrepreneurs, who wish to avail assistance under Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), can approach the local branch of any of the financial institutions mentioned above, in their region or locality and submit the required documents and application form to avail the benefits.

PMMY Eligibility Criteria
1. To avail of the benefits of the PMMY Scheme, the person should be a citizen of India.
2. Must come up with a plan or business idea related to sectors like Manufacturing, Processing, Trade, Service Sector or any other fields whose credit demand is less than ₹10 lakhs.

The Borrower seeking MUDRA Loans under the PMMY Scheme can approach either a Micro Finance Institution, Bank or NBFC to avail it. Open / Comment

2021-08-05 05:31:12 Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana 2015 - Fund the Unfunded

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a flagship program of Government of India to “fund the unfunded” basically through this scheme financial institutions like Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking financial Companies (NBFCs), Small Finance Banks, RBRs, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks etc. will provide loans at very low rate to the new Ideas or Startups and people having a business plan in a Non-Farming Sector with Income generating activities.

Objective of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
★ To sanction loans up to rupees 10 Lakhs to those who have a business plan or new idea to generate income but don’t have enough capital to invest. Provided the plan should be of non-farming activity and which can promote manufacturing, processing, trading, or service sector.
★ To create new sources of employment and increase the overall GDP of India.
★ With the help of establishment of MUDRA bank, the network of microfinance institutions will be monitored and new registration will also be done.
★ Integration of Informal economy into Formal sector as incomes from the informal sector are non-taxed.


Types of Loans Provided

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has three type of loans scheme as per the funding requirements or idea of the Beneficiary or the Entrepreneur.

1. Shishu : covering loans upto 50,000/-
2. Kishor : covering loans above 50,000/- and upto 5 lakh
3. Tarun : covering loans above 5 lakh and upto 10 lakh

There is no subsidy for the loan given under PMMY. However, if the loan proposal is linked with some Government scheme, wherein the Government is providing capital subsidy, it will be eligible under PMMY also.

Sectors covered under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ Land Transport Sector : - Loans provided to the beneficiary to support the purchase of transport vehicles. These vehicles could be used for goods or personal transport such as auto rickshaw, small goods transport vehicle, 3 wheelers, e-rickshaw, passenger cars, taxis, etc.

★ Textile Sector :- Loans provided to support micro textile industries that produce garment and non-garment products like Handloom and power loom industry, Handwork industry which works on embroidery, chikan work, dyeing and printing, knitting, etc.

★ Service Sector :- This includes community services, social services, or personal services such as saloons, beauty parlors, gymnasium, boutiques, tailoring shops, dry cleaning, cycle and motorcycle repair shop, DTP and Photocopying Facilities, Medicine Shops, Courier Agents, etc.

★ Food Product Sector :- This include small scale food activities such as papad making, achaar making, jam / jelly making, agricultural produce preservation at rural level, sweet shops, small service food stalls and day to day catering / canteen services, cold chain vehicles, cold storages, ice making units, ice cream making units, biscuit, bread and bun making, etc.


How to apply for MUDRA loan
Entrepreneurs, who wish to avail assistance under Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), can approach the local branch of any of the financial institutions mentioned above, in their region or locality and submit the required documents and application form to avail the benefits.

PMMY Eligibility Criteria
1. To avail of the benefits of the PMMY Scheme, the person should be a citizen of India.
2. Must come up with a plan or business idea related to sectors like Manufacturing, Processing, Trade, Service Sector or any other fields whose credit demand is less than ₹10 lakhs.

The Borrower seeking MUDRA Loans under the PMMY Scheme can approach either a Micro Finance Institution, Bank or NBFC to avail it. Open / Comment

2021-08-05 05:24:48 Current Affairs - 5 August 2021
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1. Anurag Thakur Launches Paralympic Theme Song “Kar De Kamaal Tu”
Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports, Anurag Singh Thakur launched the theme song for the Indian Paralympic contingent in New Delhi. The song is titled “Kar De Kamaal Tu”.

2. RBI Authorises IndusInd Bank to act as an ‘Agency Bank’
The IndusInd Bank has been empanelled by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to act as an ‘Agency Bank’. As an Agency Bank, IndusInd becomes eligible to carry out transactions related to all kinds of government-led businesses. This decision is based on the RBI guideline that authorises scheduled private sector banks as agency banks of the regulator for the conduct of government business.

3. IMF approves historic $650 bln allocation of Special Drawing Rights
The Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have approved a record general allocation of $650 billion in IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDR), to help boost global liquidity. The $650 billion SDR allocation aims to support member countries, especially emerging and developing nations, battling the coronavirus pandemic and the economic downturn it has caused.

4. DBS clinches global accolade for innovation in digital banking
DBS has been honoured as the global winner for Most Innovative in Digital Banking by Financial Times publication, The Banker, in its 2021 Innovation in Digital Banking Awards. The bank was also recognised as the Asia-Pacific winner and won in the Cyber Security category for its Secure Access and Remote Working Solution.

5. Shehroze Kashif becomes world’s youngest mountaineer to scale K2
A 19-year old Pakistani climber Shehroze Kashif became the youngest person in the world to reach the summit of K2, the second-highest peak in the world. Shehroze Kashif from Lahore achieved the feat of scaling the 8,611-metre high peak with the aid of bottled oxygen.

6. World’s largest star sapphire cluster found in a Sri Lankan backyard
World’s largest star sapphire cluster has been found in Ratnapura, Srilanka. The stone is pale blue in colour. It was found by labourers while digging a well in a gem trader’s home. Ratnapura is known as the gem capital of the country. The sapphire cluster weighs around 510kgs or 2.5 million carats. It has an estimated value of up to $100 million in the international market.

7. A new book titled “My Own Mazagon” by Captain Ramesh Babu
A new book titled “My Own Mazagon” has authored by Captain Ramesh Babu. The book published by Indus Source Books features the history and story of Mazagon, the island which was merged into a single entity as Bombay.

8. Mini Ipe appointed as MD of LIC
Mini Ipe took charge as managing director of Life Insurance Corporation of India. LIC is India’s 2nd-largest financial services institution with a Rs 31 lakh crore balance sheet, next to the country’s largest bank, State Bank of India, with assets of Rs 39.51 lakh crore.

9. Ordnance Factory launches new weapon ‘Trichy Carbine’
The Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu launched a new high-tech and low sound weapon called TriCa, a mini version of the Trichy Assault Rifle. It was unveiled by General Manager of OFT Sanjay Dwivedi, IOFS (Indian Ordnance Factories Service) during a function.

10. European Space Agency launched ‘Eutelsat Quantum’ revolutionary reprogrammable Satellite
European Space Agency launched ‘Eutelsat Quantum’, the world’s 1st commercial reprogrammable satellite into space aboard Ariane 5 rocket from French Guiana. It is a fully flexible software-defined satellite. The satellite has been developed under a European Space Agency partnership project with satellite operator Eutelsat, Airbus & Surrey Satellite Technology. Open / Comment

2021-08-05 05:24:48 करेंट अफेयर्स - 5 अगस्त 2021
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1. अनुराग ठाकुर ने लॉन्च किया पैरालंपिक थीम सॉन्ग "कर दे कमाल तू"
केंद्रीय युवा मामले और खेल मंत्री, अनुराग सिंह ठाकुर ने नई दिल्ली में भारतीय पैरालंपिक दल के लिए थीम सॉन्ग का शुभारंभ किया। गाने का नाम है 'कर दे कमाल तू'।

2. आरबीआई ने इंडसइंड बैंक को 'एजेंसी बैंक' के रूप में सूचीबद्ध किया
इंडसइंड बैंक को भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक द्वारा 'एजेंसी बैंक' के रूप में कार्य करने के लिए सूचीबद्ध किया गया है। एक एजेंसी बैंक के रूप में, इंडसइंड सरकार के नेतृत्व वाले सभी प्रकार के व्यवसायों से संबंधित लेनदेन करने के लिए पात्र हो जाता है। यह निर्णय आरबीआई (RBI) के दिशानिर्देश पर आधारित है जो सरकारी कारोबार के संचालन के लिए अनुसूचित निजी क्षेत्र के बैंकों को नियामक के एजेंसी बैंकों के रूप में अधिकृत करता है।

3. आईएमएफ ने विशेष आहरण अधिकारों को $650 बिलियन आवंटन की मंजूरी दी
अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष के बोर्ड ऑफ गवर्नर्स ने वैश्विक तरलता को बढ़ावा देने में मदद करने के लिए IMF स्पेशल ड्रॉइंग राइट्स में $650 बिलियन के रिकॉर्ड सामान्य आवंटन को मंजूरी दी है। $650 बिलियन SDR आवंटन का उद्देश्य सदस्य देशों, विशेष रूप से उभरते और विकासशील देशों का समर्थन करना है, जो कोरोनोवायरस महामारी और इसके कारण हुई आर्थिक मंदी से जूझ रहे हैं।

4. DBS को डिजिटल बैंकिंग में नवाचार के लिए वैश्विक विजेता सम्मान
वित्तीय टाइम्स प्रकाशन, द बैंकर द्वारा अपने 2021 इनोवेशन इन डिजिटल बैंकिंग अवार्ड्स में डीबीएस को मोस्ट इनोवेटिव इन डिजिटल बैंकिंग के लिए वैश्विक विजेता के रूप में सम्मानित किया गया है। बैंक को एशिया-प्रशांत विजेता के रूप में भी मान्यता दी गई थी और इसके सुरक्षित पहुंच और रिमोट वर्किंग सॉल्यूशन के लिए साइबर सुरक्षा श्रेणी में जीता था।

5. शेहरोज़ काशिफ़ K2 पर चढ़ने वाले दुनिया के सबसे कम उम्र के पर्वतारोही बने
19 वर्षीय पाकिस्तानी पर्वतारोही शेहरोज़ काशिफ़ दुनिया की दूसरी सबसे ऊंची चोटी K2 के शिखर पर पहुंचने वाले दुनिया के सबसे कम उम्र के व्यक्ति बन गए हैं। लाहौर के शेहरोज़ काशिफ़ ने बोतलबंद ऑक्सीजन की मदद से 8,611 मीटर ऊंची चोटी को फतह करने की उपलब्धि हासिल की।

6. श्रीलंका में मिला दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा तारा नीलम समूह
श्रीलंका के रत्नापुरा में दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा तारा नीलम समूह मिला है। पत्थर का रंग हल्का नीला होता है। यह मजदूरों को एक रत्न व्यापारी के घर में कुआं खोदते समय मिला था। रत्नापुर को देश की रत्न राजधानी के रूप में जाना जाता है। नीलम समूह का वजन लगभग 510kgs या 2.5 मिलियन कैरेट होता है। अंतरराष्ट्रीय बाजार में इसकी अनुमानित कीमत 100 मिलियन डॉलर तक है।

7. कैप्टन रमेश बाबू की नई किताब "माई ओन मझगांव"
कैप्टन रमेश बाबू ने "माई ओन मझगांव" नामक एक नई किताब लिखी है। इंडस सोर्स बुक्स द्वारा प्रकाशित पुस्तक में मझगांव द्वीप के इतिहास और कहानी को दर्शाया गया है, जो बॉम्बे के रूप में एक इकाई में विलय हो गया था।

8. मिनी आईपे को LIC का एमडी नियुक्त किया गया
मिनी आईपे ने भारतीय जीवन बीमा निगम के प्रबंध निदेशक के रूप में कार्यभार संभाला। LIC भारत का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा वित्तीय सेवा संस्थान है, जिसकी बैलेंस शीट 31 लाख करोड़ रुपये है, जो देश के सबसे बड़े बैंक, भारतीय स्टेट बैंक के बाद है, जिसकी संपत्ति 39.51 लाख करोड़ रुपये है।

9. आर्डनेंस फैक्टरी ने लॉन्च किया नया हथियार 'त्रिची कार्बाइन'
तमिलनाडु (Tamil Nadu) में आयुध निर्माणी तिरुचिरापल्ली ने ट्राईका (त्रिची कार्बाइन) नामक एक नया उच्च तकनीक और कम ध्वनि वाला हथियार लॉन्च किया, जो त्रिची असॉल्ट राइफल का एक छोटा संस्करण है। इसका अनावरण ओएफटी के महाप्रबंधक संजय द्विवेदी, आईओएफएस (भारतीय आयुध निर्माणी सेवा) ने एक समारोह के दौरान किया।

10. ESA ने लॉन्च किया 'यूटेलसैट क्वांटम' क्रांतिकारी रिप्रोग्रामेबल सैटेलाइट
यूरोपीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी ने फ्रेंच गुयाना से एरियन 5 रॉकेट पर सवार होकर अंतरिक्ष में दुनिया का पहला वाणिज्यिक पुन: प्रोग्राम करने योग्य उपग्रह 'यूटेलसैट क्वांटम' लॉन्च किया। यह पूरी तरह से लचीला सॉफ्टवेयर-परिभाषित उपग्रह है। उपग्रह को यूरोपीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी की साझेदारी परियोजना के तहत उपग्रह ऑपरेटर यूटेलसैट, एयरबस और सर्रे सैटेलाइट टेक्नोलॉजी के साथ विकसित किया गया है। Open / Comment

2021-08-04 10:23:08 Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is the ratio of a bank’s capital in relation to its risk-weighted assets and current liabilities. It is decided by central banks and bank regulators to prevent commercial banks from taking excess leverage and becoming insolvent in the process.

In other words, it measures how much capital does a bank has with it as a percentage of its total credit exposure. Bank regulators enforce this ratio to ensure credit discipline in order to protect depositors and promote stability and efficiency in the financial system.

What is the Capital Adequacy Ratio Formula?
The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) or the CRAR is computed by dividing the capital of the bank with aggregated risk-weighted assets for credit risk, operational risk, and market risk.

This is calculated by summing a bank’s tier 1 capital and tier 2 capitals and dividing the total by its total risk-weighted assets. That is:

Tier 1 CAR = (Eligible Tier 1 capital funds) = (Market Risk RWA + Credit Risk RWA + Operational Risk RWA)

Total CAR = (Eligible Total capital funds) ÷ (Credit Risk RWA + Market Risk RWA + Operational Risk RWA)


CAR Formula:
CAR = (Tier 1 capital + Tier 2 capital)/risk weighted assets

Here Tier I capital is a bank’s core capital consisting of shareholders’ equity and retained earnings;

Tier II capital includes revaluation reserves, hybrid capital instruments, and subordinated term debt.

Tier III capital consists of Tier II capital plus short-term subordinated loans.


Note that two types of capitals are measured here.

Tier 1 capital: This can absorb the losses without a bank being required to stop trading. Also called core capital, this consists of ordinary share capital, equity capital, audited revenue reserves, and intangible assets. This is permanently available capital and readily available to absorb losses incurred by a bank without it having to cease operations.

Tier 2 capital: This can absorb losses if the bank is winding-up and so gives depositors a lesser measure of protection. This consists of unaudited reserves, unaudited retained earnings, and general loss reserves. This capital cushions losses if the bank is winding up and is used to absorb losses after a bank loses all its tier 1 capital.

Risk-weighted assets: These assets are used to fix the least amount of capital that should be possessed by banks to lower the insolvency risk. The capital requirement for all types of bank assets depends on the risk assessment.

What is the current Capital Adequacy Ratio in India?
The Basel III Norms have prescribed a CAR of 8%. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) mandates the CAR for scheduled commercial banks to be 9%, and for public sector banks, the CAR to be maintained is 12%. Open / Comment

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Avail the discount here: https://www.anujjindal.in/project/nabard-online-course/ Open / Comment