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2023-03-14 19:31:47 New Batch
IBPS AFO 2023-24 MAINS BUNDLE

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2023-03-14 17:28:25 Different types of disease symptoms

Necrosis : It indicates the death of cells, tissues and organs resulting from infection by pathogen. Necrotic symptoms include spots, blights, burn, canker, streaks, stripes, damping-off, rot etc.

Wilt : Withering and drooping of a plant starting from some leaves to growing tip occurs suddenly or gradually. Wilting takes place due to blockage in the translocation system caused by the pathogen.

Die-back: Drying of plant organs such as stem or branches which starts from the tip and progresses gradually towards the main stem or trunk is called die-back or wither tip.

Mildew: White, grey or brown coloured superficial growth of the pathogen on the host surface is called mildew.

Rusts : Numerous small pustules growing out through host epidermis which gives rusty (rust formation on iron) appearance of the affected parts.

Smuts : Charcoal-like and black or purplish-black dust like masses developed on the affected plant parts, mostly on floral organs as inflorescence are called smut.

Blotch : A large area of discolouration of a leaf, fruit etc. giving a blotchy appearance.

White blisters : Numerous white coloured blister-like ruptures are surfaced on the host epidermis that forms powdery masses of spores of fungi. They are called white
blisters or white rust.

Colour change : It denotes conversion of green pigment of leaves into other colours mostly to yellow colour, in patches or covering the entire leaves.
(i) Etioliation:
Yellowing due to lack of light, (ii) Chlorosis:
Yellowing due to infection viruses, bacteria, fungi, low temperature lack of iron etc.
(iii) Albino:
Lack of any pigment
and turned into white or bleached
(iv) Chromosis:
Red, purple or orange pigmentation due to physiological orders etc.

Exudation : Such symptom is commonly found in bacterial diseases when masses of bacterial cells ooze out to the surface of affected plant parts and form some drops or smear, it is called exudation. This exudation forms a crust on the host surface after drying.

Overgrowth :
Excessive growth of the plant parts due to infection by pathogens.
Overgrowth takes place by two processes
(i) Hyperplasia :
abnormal increase in size
due to excessively more cell division
(ii) Hypertrophy :
abnormal increase in size or
shape due to excessive enlargement of the size of cell of a particular tissue.

Atrophy:
It is known as hypoplasia or dwarfing which is resulted from the inhibition of growth due to reduction in cell division or cell size.

Sclerotia:
These are dark and hard structures of various shaped composed of dormant mycelia of some fungi. Sometimes, sclerotia are developed on the affected parts of the plant. Presence of sclerotia on the host surface is specifically called a sign of disease rather than symptom.

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2023-03-14 14:50:45 Factors favouring cross pollination

(i) Unisexuality.
A flower is unisexual when only one sex is present in it. It may be staminate possessing stamens only or pistillate possessing carpel only e.g. papaya, date palm, grape (muscadine) etc.

(ii) Chasmogamy.
The flowers are open and their reproductive organs are exposed to external environment. In chasmogamous flowers, cross-pollination is common. They attract bees, butterflies, moths, birds, bats, squirrels, animals, mankinds and also subjected to the action of wind and water. All such factors creates cross-pollination. Open / Comment

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2023-03-14 08:37:41 #soil_science
#AFO #NABARD

Parent Material: It is that mass (consolidated material) from which the soil has formed.
Two groups of parent material
i) Sedentary: Formed in original place. It is the residual parent material. The parent
material differ as widely as the rocks.

ii) Transported: The parent material transported from their place of origin. They are
named according to the main force responsible for the transport and redeposition.

a) By gravity - Colluvial
b) By water - Alluvial, Marine, Locustrine
c) By ice - Glacial
d) By wind – Eolian

Colluvium: It is the poorly sorted materials near the base of strong slopes transported by
the action of gravity. (IBPS AFO 2021)

Alluvium: The material transported and deposited by water is, found along major stream
courses at the bottom of slopes of mountains and along small streams flowing out of drainage basins.

Locustrine: Consists of materials that have settled out of the quiet water of lakes.

Moraine: Consists of all the materials picked up, mixed, disintegrated, transported and
deposited through the action of glacial ice or of water resulting primarily from melting of
glaciers.

Loess or Aeolian: These are the wind blown materials.

When the texture is silty - loess;

when it is sand - Eolian.

The soils developed on such transported parent materials bear the name of the parent
material; viz. Alluvial soils from alluvium, Colluvial soils from Colluvium etc.

In the initial stages, however, the soil properties are mainly determined by the kind of parent
material.

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2023-03-13 15:08:47 Mega Food Park Scheme

Ministry of Food Processing Industries is implementing Mega Food Park Scheme (MFPS) to create modern infrastructure for the food processing industries since 2008. This scheme is now a component of the new Central Sector Umbrella Scheme– Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY). The Mega Food Park Scheme (MFPS) aims at providing modern infrastructure facilities for food processing along the value chain from farm to market.

As on date, Ministry has accorded final approval to 37 MFPs in 23 States/UTs which are under various stages of implementation. Out of this, 19 MFPs are operational.Total 42 Mega Food Parks(MFPs) were envisaged by the Government.As per the scheme guidelines, each fully operational Mega Food Park willprovidedirect/indirect employment to about 5000 persons. The scheme of Mega Food Park has the primary objective of providing modern infrastructure facilities for the food processing along the value chain fromthe farm to the market. It will include creation of infrastructure near farm (i.e. collection centres& Primary Processing centres), transportation, logistics andcentralizedprocessing centres etc. This will have impact on increased realization of farmers, reduction in wastage and creation of an efficient supply chain backed by collection centres, primary processing centres and logistic infrastructure.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE MEGA FOOD PARKS SCHEME

Objective of the Scheme
The primary objective of the MFPS is to provide modern infrastructure facilities for the food processing along the value chain from the farm to the market. It will include creation of processing infrastructure near the farm, transportation, logistics and centralized processing centres.

The scheme functions with a cluster based approach based on a hub and spokes model by establishing Mega Food Parks. It includes creation of infrastructure for primary processing and storage near the farm in the form of Primary Processing Centres (PPCs) and Collection Centres (CCs) and common facilities and enabling infrastructure like roads, electricity, water, Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) facilities etc. at Central Processing Centre (CPC). These PPCs and CCs act as aggregation and storage points to feed raw material to the processing units located in the CPC. The scheme will be demand-driven, and will facilitate food processing units to meet environmental and safety standards.

Pattern of Assistance
The scheme provides for a capital grant at the rate of 50 percent of the project cost (excluding land cost) in general areas and at the rate of 75 percent of the project cost (excluding land cost) in difficult and hilly areas i.e. North East Region including Sikkim, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and ITDP notified areas of the States subject to a maximum of Rs.50 crores per project.

Land
The requirement of land for establishing the CPC is minimum 50 acres either by purchase or on lease of at least 75 years for the Central Processing Centre of the Mega Food Park.

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2023-03-12 13:40:52 TYPES OF SPRAYERS:

Based up on the volume of liquid handled, #sprayers may be classified into

➢ High volume sprayer (more than 400 liters /ha)

➢ Low volume sprayer (5 to 400 liters/ hectare)

➢ Ultra-low volume sprayer (ULV) spray (less than 5 liters ha) - One hectare of crop can be treated in around 2.5 hour Open / Comment

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Course Features
Material Prepared Based on latest pattern of IBPS AFO Examination
PDF Material covering all agriculture and Rural development subjects for afo exam
Last Minute Notes 4.0 for quick revision before afo mains exam
NBP, Current affairs and Agri reports reports to the point
Interview guidance pdfs + Personal 1 to 1 guidance.

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IBPS AFO Full demo pdfs added check our
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