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2022-06-09 19:26:39 BLACK SOIL

• Also known as Regur soil

• The parent material for most of the black soil are the volcanic rocks that were formed in the Deccan Plateau.

• In Tamil Nadu, gneisses and schists form the parent material. The former are sufficiently deep while the later are generally shallow.

• These are the region of high temperature and low rainfall. It is, therefore, a soil group typical to the dry and hot regions of the Peninsula.

• A typical black soil is highly argillaceous (containing clay) with a large clay factor, 62 per cent or more.

• In general, black soils of uplands are of low fertility while those in the valleys are very fertile.

• The black soil is highly retentive of moisture.

• It swells greatly on accumulating moisture.

• In the rainy season, the soil gets very sticky and hence ploughing, and other agricultural activities demand more effort.

• In summer, the moisture evaporates the soil shrinks and is seamed with broad and deep cracks.

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2022-06-08 15:22:56 DEFENCE ADDA - NDA/CDS/AFCAT/CAPF AC pinned «VOLCANOES Volcanoes are classified on the basis of nature of eruption and the form developed at the surface. Major types of volcanoes are as follows: • Shield Volcanoes Barring the basalt flows, the shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes…» Open / Comment

2022-06-08 15:22:49 VOLCANOES

Volcanoes are classified on the basis of nature of eruption and the form developed at the surface. Major types of volcanoes are as follows:

• Shield Volcanoes

Barring the basalt flows, the shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes on the earth. The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous examples. These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For this reason, these volcanoes are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets into the vent; otherwise, they are characterised by low-explosivity. The upcoming lava moves in the form of a fountain and throws out the cone at the top of the vent and develops into cinder cone.

• Composite Volcanoes

These volcanoes are characterised by eruptions of cooler and more viscous lavas than basalt. These volcanoes often result in explosive eruptions. Along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic material and ashes find their way to the ground. This material accumulates in the vicinity of the vent openings leading to formation of layers, and this makes the mounts appear as composite volcanoes.

• Caldera

These are the most explosive of the earth's volcanoes. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any tall structure. The collapsed depressions are called calderas. Their explosiveness indicates that the magma chamber supplying the lava is not only huge but is also in close vicinity.

• Flood Basalt Provinces

These volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long distances. Some parts of the world are covered by thousands of sq. km of thick basalt lava flows. There can be a series of flows with some flows attaining thickness of more than 50 m. Individual flows may extend for hundreds of km. The Deccan Traps from India, presently covering most of the Maharashtra plateau, are a much larger flood basalt province. It is believed that initially the trap formations covered a much larger area than the present.

• Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanoes

These volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas. There is a system of mid-ocean ridges more than 70,000 km long that stretches through all the ocean basins. The central portion of this ridge experiences frequent eruptions.

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2022-06-07 08:01:10 SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE

• This System was started(1798) by Lord Welleley to build an empire in India.

• Under this system, the allying Indian state's ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of British force within his territory.

• All expenses of maintenance of British forces within the territory, to be paid by Indian state.

• Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British resident in his Court.

• Indian ruler could not employ any other European in his service without the prior approval of the British.

• British would defend the ruler from enemies and adopt a policy of non interference in the internal matters of the allied state.

• First Indian ruler to sign the Subsidiary alliance - Nizam of Hyderabad (1798 &1800)

• This systembrought immense gains for East India Company by extending the areas under British control.

• During the 7 year rule of Lord Wellesely, over 100 small and big states of India signed the Subsidiary Alliance.

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2022-06-06 19:37:08 CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS

• The classification of clouds is based on a combination of form, height and appearance.

• Four major cloud types and their variations can be
recognised.

1) High Clouds

• mainly cirrus (Ci) of feathery form at 20-40,000 feet above ground.

a) Cirrus (Ci) - This looks fibrous and appears like wisps in the blue sky; it is often called 'mares' tails'.

• It indicates fair weather, and often gives a brilliant sunset.

b) Cirrocumulus (Cc) - This appears as white globular masses, forming ripples in a mackerel sky'.

c) Cirrostratus (Cs) - This resembles a thin white sheet or veil.

• the sky looks milky and the sun or moon shines through it with a characteristic 'halo'.

2) Medium Clouds
mainly alto (Alt) or middleheight clouds at 7-20,000 feet.

a) Altocumulus (Alt-Cu) - These are woolly, bumpy clouds arranged in layers and appearing like waves in the blue sky.

• They normally indicate fine weather.

b) Altostratus (Alt-St) - These are denser, greyish clouds with a 'watery' look.

• They have a fibrous or striated structure through which the sun's rays shine faintly.

3) Low Clouds
mainly stratus or sheet clouds below 7,000 feet.

a) Stratocumulus (St-Cu) - This is a rough, bumpy cloud with the waves more pronounced than in altocumulus.

• There is great contrast between the bright and shaded parts.

b) Stratus (St) - This is a very low cloud, uniformly grey and thick, which appears like a low ceiling or highland fog.

•It brings dull weather with light drizzle.

• It reduces the visibility of aircraft and is thus a danger.

c) Nimbostratus (Ni-St) - This is a dark, dull cloud, clearly layered, and is also known as a 'rain cloud'.
• It brings continuous rain, snow or sleet.

4) Clouds with great vertical extent

• mainly cumulus or heap clouds with no definite height (2-30,000 feet).

a) Cumulus (Cu) - This is a vertical cloud with a rounded top and horizontal base, typical of humid tropical regions, associated with up-rising convectional currents.

• Its great white globular masses may look grey against the sun but it is a 'fair weather cloud'.

b) Cumulonimbus (Cu-Ni) - This is, in fact, an overgrown cumulus cloud, extending for a tremendous vertical height from a base of 2,000 feet to over 30,000 feet.

• Its black and white globular masses take a fantastic range of shapes. Its cauliflower top often spreads out like an anvil. This is frequently seen in tropical afternoons. It is also referred to as a 'thunder-cloud' and brings convectional ram, accompanied by lightning and thunder.


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2022-06-04 05:08:05 MAJOR SOILS OF INDIA AND THEIR REGIONS OF OCCURRENCES

Soils - Regions

• Alluvial Soil

Ganga-Brahamputra valley, Godavari and Krishna delta, plains of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Bihar and Coastal strip of peninsular India.

• Black Soil

Deccan trap, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, and M. P.


• Red Soil

Eastern part of Deccan plateau, southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Chhota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand).


• Laterite Soil

Assam hills, hill summit of Karnataka and Kerala and Eastern Ghat region of Orissa.

Beside these Desert soils -In Rajasthan, Gujarat and Punjab.

• Marshy soil

Sundarban areas of West Bengal, coastal areas of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and tarai belt of Uttarakhand.


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2022-06-01 05:00:32 Important Articles in Indian Constitution


➨ Article 1 – Name and territory of the union.
➨ Article 2 – Admission and establishment of the new state.
➨ Article 3 – Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and name of existing states.
➨ Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.
➨ Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan.
➨ Article 10 – Continuance of rights of citizenship.
➨ Article 11 – Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
➨ Article 12 – Definition of the state.
➨ Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
➨ Article 14 – Equality before the law.
➨ Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
➨ Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
➨ Article 17 – Abolition of the untouchability.
➨ Article 18 – Abolition of titles.
➨ Article 20 – Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
➨ Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty.
➨ Article 22 – Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
➨ Article 23 – Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
➨ Article 24 – Prohibition of employment of children (Under the age of 14) in factories and mines.
➨ Article 25 – Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
➨ Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs.
➨ Article 27 – Freedom as to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
➨ Article 28 – Freedom from attending religious instruction.
➨ Article 29 – Protection of interest of minorities.
➨ Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
➨ Article 32 – Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
➨ Article 36 – Definition
➨ Article 37– Application of DPSP (Read about Directive Principles of States Policy in the linked article)
➨ Article 39A – Equal justice and free legal aid
➨ Article 40 – Organization of a village panchayat
➨ Article 41 – Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases
➨ Article 43 – Living Wages, etc. for workers.
➨ Article 43A – Participation of workers in the management of industries.
➨ Article 44 – Uniform civil code. ( applicable in Goa only)
➨ Article 45 – Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
➨ Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST), and OBC.
➨ Article 47– Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
➨ Article 48 – Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry.
➨ Article 49 – Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance.
➨ Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from the executive.
➨ Article 51 – Promotion of international peace and security.

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2022-05-31 12:19:49 KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM

• Second largest east flowing river of Peninsular India.

• it rises in the Werstern Ghats, North of Mahabaleshwar and empties into Bay of Bengal ( 1400 km).

• Important Tributaries - Koyna, Malprabha, Ghatprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Musi, Muneru.


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2022-05-25 05:38:46 GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM

• Largest river system of Peninsular India, total length - 1465 km.

• Also known as 'Vridha Ganga' or 'Dakshin Ganga'.

• It originates from Trimbak Plateau of North Sahyadri near Nashik, Maharashtra.

• Manjra(724 km) is the only important right bank tributary.

• Left Bank Tributaries - Penganaga, Wardha, Wainganga, Indravati, Sabri

• Delta of Gadavari river is of lobate type.

• Empties into Bay of Bengal

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2022-05-23 09:53:43 Open / Comment