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2022-05-12 09:29:24 55) In the brain, the amygdala plays an important role in emotional processing. Patients with lesion of the amygdala display impairment in enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Which of the following is a major output pathway from the amygdala? Open / Comment

2022-05-12 09:28:23 55) In the brain, the amygdala plays an important role in emotional processing. Patients with lesion of the amygdala display impairment in enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Which of the following is a major output pathway from the amygdala? Open / Comment

2022-05-07 08:36:01 Arrow 3 points to the tunica intima. The carotid artery is an elastic artery, which contains the following layers aside from the tunica intima: Tunica externa (arrow 1), and tunica media (arrow 5). In a carotid dissection, the tunica intima can elevate or separate from the tunica media with accompanying hemorrhage of the arterial wall. The most common clinical signs are ophthalmological manifestations including painful Horner syndrome, palsy of the oculomotor nerve, diplopia, and transient monocular visual loss. Arrow 2 points to a vasa vasorum, vessels which nourish the thick wall of the aorta. Arrow 4 points to the adipose tissue in the tunica externa. Open / Comment

2022-05-06 08:35:41 Open / Comment

2022-05-06 08:34:17 54) A 48-year-old male patient is brought to the emergency room because of intense pain of the right face and neck with transient visual loss of the right eye. On examination, the patient has palsy of the oculomotor nerve on the right side with resulting diplopia, along with a right lateralized painful Horner syndrome. This constellation of signs is suggestive of a cervical carotid dissection, which is a separation of the arterial tunical intima from the subjacent tunica media. Which numbered structure in Fig. 1-8 is the tunica intima? Open / Comment

2022-04-30 13:01:01 The vagus (tenth cranial) nerve innervates the external auditory meatus of the ear. The great auricular nerve (choice B) innervates the lobule of the auricle and the auriculotemporal nerve (choice C), the superior aspect of the auricle. In fact, a sensory test which includes these three parts of the ear tests the integrity of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve by the auriculotemporal nerve, the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve by its branch innervating the auditory meatus, and spinal nerves C2-3 by their great auricular branch. The test thus covers the upper and lower medulla and the upper spinal cord. The greater occipital nerve (choice D) is a branch of the cervical plexus originating from C2 and innervates the scalp of the back of the head. The facial (seventh cranial) nerve provides only motor innervation to the face and scalp areas. Open / Comment

2022-04-29 13:00:47 53) A neurologist is performing the neurological examination on a patient who recently suffered a head trauma. You note that, as part of the examination, she uses a cotton swab to touch the upper part of the auricle, the external auditory meatus, and the… Open / Comment

2022-04-29 12:59:47 53) A neurologist is performing the neurological examination on a patient who recently suffered a head trauma. You note that, as part of the examination, she uses a cotton swab to touch the upper part of the auricle, the external auditory meatus, and the lobule. The external auditory meatus of the ear is innervated by which of the following? Open / Comment

2022-04-23 17:44:01 The frontal sinus is innervated by the supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the frontal nerve. All nerves mentioned in this question are branches of ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve. The anterior (choice A) and the posterior (choice D) ethmoidal nerves arise from the nasociliary nerve (choice C). They innervate the ethmoid and sphenopalatine sinuses. The lacrimal nerve (choice B) carries in its terminal segment the parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland and provides sensory innervation to the upper eyelid. Open / Comment

2022-04-22 17:43:44 52) A female 44-year-old patient suffers from acute bacterial sinusitis localized to the frontal sinus. The patient displays a mucopurulent greenish discharge from the nose bilaterally, with associated fever and malaise. The patient also complains of pain… Open / Comment