Embryology Videos & Books 2021

2022-10-09 08:40:02 Open / Comment

2022-10-09 08:39:01 A 45-year-old woman is evaluated for numbness and tingling of the right hand that started 2 months ago and occasionally awakens her at nighl The patient intermittently shakes her hand in an attempt to alleviate the symptoms. On examination, there is diminished sensation in the first 3 digits of the right hand with preserved sensation along the thenar eminence. Muscle strength is intact. Flexion of the palm at the wrist reproduces the symptoms in her right hand. Open / Comment

2022-10-08 21:39:01 Educational objective: Lesions of the glossopharyngeal nerve result in loss of the gag reflex (afferent limb); loss of sensation in the upper pharynx, posterior tongue, tonsils, and middle ear cavity and loss of taste sensation on the posterior third of the tongue. Open / Comment

2022-10-08 08:39:03 Open / Comment

2022-10-08 08:38:02 66-year-old man develops transient, painless vision loss in the left eye. He has a history of hypertension, hyperfipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellrtus. Evaluation reveals significant stenosis of the left internal carotid artery due to atherosclerotic plaque. Carotid endarterectomy is performed. During the surgery, the left glossopharyngeal nerve is accidentally transected. Open / Comment

2022-10-07 22:37:02 EducaUonal objective: A lesion in the optic tract can produce contralateral homonymous hemianopia and a relative afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil) in the pupil contralateral to the tract lesion. Open / Comment

2022-10-07 08:37:01 Open / Comment

2022-10-07 08:36:02 A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician with decreased vision. Over the last 6 weeks, she has had progressive difficulty with visualizing objects on her right side. She also has intermittent headaches that are worse in the morning. Her past medical history is significant for non-small cell lung carcinoma that was diagnosed 2 years ago and treated surgically. Physical examination shows right homonymous hemianopia. When light is shone in the left eye, both pupils constrict However, when the light is immediately moved to the right eye, her pupils appear to dilate. Open / Comment

2022-10-06 21:36:01 Educatlonal objective: Thiamine (i.e., vitamin 81) deficiency acutely leads to Wemicke encephalopathy and chronically leads to Korsakoff psychosis. The neural structure most frequently affected in patients with Wemicke encephalopathy is the mammillary body, which is part of the Pepez circuit. Alcoholic or malnourished patients should receive intravenous thiamine supplementation before intravenous dextrose administration because giving dextrose without prior thiamine can precipitate a Wemicke encephalopathy Open / Comment

2022-10-06 08:36:01 Open / Comment