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2021-09-06 12:30:09 125. Name 2 drugs of 2nd generation of H1 blockers?? Fexofenadine, citrizine ,loratidine, desloratidine

126. What is the action of b2- agonist on bronchial muscle? Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

127. Name the mast cell stabilizer? Cromolyn

128. Drug that blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes? Zileuton

129. Drug that can loosen mucous plug in Cystic fibrosis patient is? N-acetylcystiene

130. Brochoconstriction is mediated by------and-------? Inflammatory and sympathetic
tone
131. Bipolar disorder is treated with? Lithium

132. Drug of choice for cytomegalovirus? Ganciclovir

133. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) treated by? All-trans retinoids acid
134. Common treatment of buergers disease? Smoke cessation

135. Prophylaxis for Hemophilus influenza (B)? Rifampin

136. Treatment if hemorrhagic cystitis is ? Mesna

137. Medical abortion is done by? Mifepristone

138. Drug of choice for migraine? Sumatriptan

139. Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhea? Ceftriaxone

140. Neural tube defect prevention done by? Folic aid ( folate)

141. Drug of choice for PDA? Indomethacin

142. Prostate carcinoma is treated with? Flutamide

143. Drug used in pulmonary hypertension? Bonestan

144. Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman is treated by? Aromatase inhibitor
145. First line drug for depression? SSRIs

146. Imipenem always administered with ? Cilastatin

147. Red man syndrome is side effect of? Vancomycin

148. Main side effects of aminoglycoside ?? Nephrotoxicity , ototoxicity and
teratogen

149. Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial? Dihydrofolate reductase

150. Fluoroquinolones damages to cartilage

151. Metallic taste is by which anti microbial drug? Metronidazole

152. Optic neuropathy is side effect? Ethambutol

153. Endocarditis with surgical or dental procedure ----prophylaxis? Penicillins

154. Empiric Therapy for community acquired pneumonia of outdoor patient setting?
Macrolides
155. Drug of choice Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patient? Fluconazole

156. Drug which inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of
b-glucan? Caspofungin

157. Terbinafine used to treat ??? Onchomycosis

158. Leishmaniasis is treated by sodium stibogluconate

159. CMV retinitis in immuno compromised patient when ganciclovir fails? Foscarnet

160. Orange body fluids is side effect of? Rifampin Open / Comment

2021-09-06 12:30:09 62. The powerful centrally acting antiemetic is? Ondansetron

63. Metaclopromide is which receptor antagonist ? D2

64. Myeloaupression caused by methotrexate is rescued by whih drug? Leucovori

65. Anti Breast cancer drug having endometrial antagonist action is? Raloxifene

66. Myelosuppresion cause by 5 florouracil is rescued by? Thymidine

67. Hemorrhagic cystitis is side effect of ? Cyclophosphamide

68. Nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin is prevented by? Amifostine

69. Name the drug which is Philadelphia chromosome tyrosine kinase inhibitor ?
Imatinib

70. Monoclonal antibody against CD20 is ? Rituximab

71. Probenecid inhibits reabsorption of Uric acid in which part of nephron? Proximal convulated tubule

72. Febuxostat inhibits? Xanthine oxidase

73. Antidote of acetaminophen ? N-acetylecystiene

74. Name anti-TNF antibody commonly used in crohn disease? Infliximab

75. Mechanism of aspirin? Irreversibly inhibit both COX 1 and COX 2

76. Warfarin effects which pathway ? Extrinsic pathway

77. Site of action of heparin? Blood

78. Heparin toxicity is treated by? Protamin sulphate

79. Clopidogrel toxicity cause which hematological deficiency? Neutropenia

80. Abciximab binds to which glycoproteins receptor? IIb/IIIa

81. Which drug is used or maintenance programe for opioid addicts? Methadone

82. Opioid used as cough suppressant ? Dextromethorphan

83. Drug of choice for absence siezures? Ethosuxemide

84. 1st line treatment of eclampsia? Mgso4

85. 1st line of treatment for acute epilepsy? Diazepam

86. Fetal hydantoin syndrome is teratogenicity caused by? Phenytoin

87. Neural tube defects caused by which drug? Valproic acid

88. Barbiturates facilitate GABA action by------of Cl channel ? Duration

89. Which inhaled anesthetic is hepatotoxic? Halothane

90. Most common drug used for endoscopy? Midazolam

91. IV anesthetic used for rapid and short procedures? Propofol

92. Main complication of succinylcholine ? Hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia

93. Malignant hyperthermia is treated hyperthermia ? Dantrolene

94. Benztropin improves------in parkinson disease ? Tremors and rigidity

95. Carbidopa is converted to ---- in CNS? Dopamine

96. Selegiline selectively inhibits ??? MAO-B

97. Half life of sumatriptan ?? <2 hours

98. Marked respiratory depression is caused by which depressants ? Barbiturates

99. Maurijuana can be detected in urine upto ------- months of last use? 1 month

100. Treatment of wernickie korsakoff syndrome is? IV Vitamin B1

101. Treatment of delerium tremens?? Benzodiazepines

102. Drug of choice for ADHD? Methylphenidate

103. Social phobias are treated with ? SSRI

104. Drug of choice for obsessive compulsive disorder is ? Clomipramine

105. All typical antipsychotics block which receptors? D2 receptors

106. Corneal deposits is side effect of which antipsychotics ?
Chlorpromazine
107. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome? Dantrolene

108. Which atypical antipsychotic May cause agranulocytosis ? Clozapine

109. Teratogenicity caused by lithium ? Ebstein anomaly

110. Generalized anxiety disorder is treated by? Buspirone

111. Drug of choice of bedwetting patient is? Imipramine

112. Main toxicity of tricyclics antidepressants? Convulsion , coma and cardiotoxicity.
113. How much time antidepressant need to have its effect? 4-8weeks

114. Antidepressant used for diabetic peripheral neuropathy is? Duloxetine

115. Drug used for altitude sickness? Acetazolamide

116. Name osmotic diuretic ? Mannitol

117. What is the effect of loop diuretic on calcium in the blood ?Hypocalcemia

118. Gout is side effect of which diuretic? Loop diuretic
119. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is treated with? Thiazide diuretics

120. While using ACE inhibitor what will be the effect on renin??? Renin level increases
121. Drug inhibits steroid synthesis ? Ketoconazole .

122. Contraindications of estrogens??? ER positive breast cancer and history of DVTs
123. a1-agonist used to treat BPH ? Tamsulosin

124. Mechanism of action of sildenafil? Inhibit cyclic GMP phosphodiesterse Open / Comment

2021-09-06 12:30:08 PHARMACOLOGY Pearls

1. ----- relates the rate of elimination to the plasma concentration? Clearance

2. Half life is the property of ---- order elimination? First

3. Fraction of administered drug that reaches circulation is called ? Bioavailability

4. Drugs give IV have -----percent bioavailability? 100%

5. Frequency of dosing Is affected by ----? Half life

6. Constant amount of drug eliminated per unit time indicates which order elimination ? Zero order elimination

7. Phase I metabolism of drugs usually yields? Slightly polar , water soluble metabolites

8. Maximal effect a drug can produce is called ? Efficacy

9. Amount of drug needed for a given effect is called? Potency

10. Therapeutic index is--->? Measurement of drug safety

11. Partial action of morphine is at which opioid receptor? mu

12. Adrenal medulla are part of which nervous system? Sympathetic nervous system

13. Botulinum toxins blocks release of neurotransmitter at which terminals ?Cholinergic

14. Mydriasis is the action of which receptors? a1

15. Dec heart rate and contractility of atria is the action of which receptors? M2

16. Inc gastric secretion is the action which receptors? H2

17. Dec uterine Is the action of which receptor? B2

18. Which vasopressin receptor involve in inc vascular smooth muscle contraction?V1

19. Challenge test for diagnosis of asthma? Methacholine

20. Which drug activate bowel and bladder?? Bethanecol

21. Clinical application of donePezil? Alzheimer's disease

22. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis done by? Edrophonium

23. In chronic myasthenia gravis , drug of choice is? Pyridostigmine

24. Antidote of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning? Pralidoxime

25. Adrenal medulla is innervated by which fibres? Cholinergic fibres

26. Potent stimulator of sweat, tests and saliva? Pilocarpine

26. Atropine effect on eye is? Mydriasis and cycloplegia

27. Isoproterenol action is on which receptors? b1 and b2

28. Dobutamine mainly effects on which receptor? b1

29. Drug used to reduce premature uterine contraction? Terbutaline

30. Attention deficit disorder can be treated by? Amphetamine

31. Ne centrally acting a2 agonists? Clonidine and methyl dopa

32. Toxicity of phenoxybenzamine is? Orthoststic hypotension , reflex tachycardia

33. Name selective b-antagonist? Pindolol, acebutalol

34. Drugs used in urinary retention in BPH? Prazosin, terazosin and doxasozin

35. What is the effect of b-blocker in angina pectoris? Dec heart rate and contractility

36. Antidote of opioid poisoning is? Naloxone/ naltrexone

37. Atropine toxicity antidote? Physostigmine salicylate

38. Antidote for benzodiapzipine? Flumazinil

39. Drugs causing dialated cardiomyopathy? Doxorubicin and daunoeubicin

40. Direct Coombs positive hemolytic anemia is caused by which drug? Methyl dopa

41. Chloremphinicol causes which syndrome? Gray baby syndrome

42. ACE inhibitors main side effect ? Cough and angodema

43. Drug causing pseudo membranous colitis? Clindamycin

44. Vitamin causing hyperglycemia? Niacin

45. Name drugs causing SLE-like syndrome? Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide and phenytoin

46. Tardive dyskinesia is side effect of??? Antipsychotics

47. Name ATT drug which is P-450 inducer? Rifampin

48. Antidote for warfarin toxicity? Vit K , FFP

49. Side effect of isoniazid ? Neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity

50. Drug which decreases triglycerides ?fibrates

51. Drug protective against diabetx nephropathy? ACE inhibitors

52. Drug which can cause cyanide toxicity ? Nitroprusside

53. Hydralazine dec ? Afterload/preload

54. Action of glitazone? Inc insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue

55. Sulfonyureas closes which channels in b-cells? K+channel

56. First line therapy of Type 2 DM? Metformin

57. Which drug is teratogen ? Carbimazole/ methemazole/ propyl thiouracil

58. Drug used in SIADH? Demeclocycline

59. Mechanism of PPI? Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ATPase in stomach parietal cells
60. Carcinoid tumor is treated by? Octreoride

61. Name antacids causes diarrhea? Magnesium hydroxide Open / Comment

2021-08-22 06:08:48 Nosebleed
Other names epistaxis, bloody nose
A three year old with a minor nosebleed from falling and hitting his face on the floor.
Specialty Otorhinolaryngology
A nosebleed, also known as epistaxis ( /ˌɛpɪˈstæksɪs/ EP-ih-STAK-sis), is the common occurrence of bleeding from the nose. It is usually noticed when blood drains out through the nostrils.

There are two types: anterior (the most common), and posterior (less common, more likely to require medical attention). Sometimes in more severe cases, the blood can come up the nasolacrimal duct and out from the eye. Fresh blood and clotted blood can also flow down into the stomach and cause nausea and vomiting.

Although the sight of large amounts of blood can be alarming and may warrant medical attention, nosebleeds are rarely fatal, accounting for only 4 of the 2.4 million deaths in the U.S. in 1999. About 60% of people have a nosebleed at some point in their life. About 10% of nosebleeds are serious. Nosebleeds appear to have a bimodal distribution, most commonly affecting those younger than 10 and older than 50.

Cause
Two children boxing, the one on the right having a nosebleed due to a punch to the face.
Nosebleeds can occur due to a variety of reasons. Some of the most common causes include trauma from nose picking, blunt trauma (such as a motor vehicle accident), or insertion of a foreign object (more likely in children). Relative humidity (including centrally heated buildings), respiratory tract infections, chronic sinusitis, rhinitis or environmental irritants can cause inflammation and thinning of the tissue in the nose, leading to a greater likelihood of bleeding from the nose.

Most causes of nose bleeding are self-limiting and do not require medical attention. However, If nosebleeds are recurrent or do not respond to home therapies, an underlying cause may need to be investigated. Some rarer causes of recurrent or prolonged epistaxis are categorized and listed below:

Coagulopathy:

Thrombocytopenia (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Von Willebrand's disease
Hemophilia
Leukemia
HIV
Chronic liver disease—cirrhosis causes deficiency of factor II, VII, IX,& X
Inflammatory:

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Medications/Drugs:

Anticoagulation (warfarin, heparin, etc)
Insufflated drugs (particularly cocaine)
Nasal sprays (particularly prolonged or improper use of nasal steroids)
Neoplastic:

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Melanoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Traumatic:

Anatomical deformities (e.g. septal spurs)
Blunt trauma (usually a sharp blow to the face such as a punch, sometimes accompanying a nasal fracture)
Foreign bodies (such as fingers during nose-picking)
Digital trauma
Middle ear barotrauma (such as from descent in aircraft or ascent in scuba diving)
Nasal bone fracture
Septal fracture/perforation
Surgery (e.g. septoplasty and functional endoscopic sinus surgery)
Vascular Malformation:

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler–Weber–Rendu disease)
Angioma
Aneurysm of carotid artery Open / Comment

2021-08-19 08:49:54 Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by significantly low body weight, fear of weight gain, and body
dysmorphia. Anorexia is a physical, behavioral, and mental disorder due to various causes including biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

Signs and symptoms of anorexia include: being underweight, lack of menstruation in females, dizziness, hypotension, abdominal pain, behaviors surrounding weight gain & food intake that disrupt daily life, and excessive exercise.

Anorexia can lead to severe complications such as dysrhythmias, kidney failure, or death. Diagnosis is typically made by ruling out other conditions and using the
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) criteria.

Treatment involves medical management to treat low body weight and complications along with psychotherapy. To help remember the signs & symptoms of anorexia nervosa,

Think

ANOREXIA:
Amenorrhea
No organic causes of weight loss
Obviously thin
Refusal to maintain normal weight
Epigastric discomfort
X-symptoms or peculiar symptoms
Intense fear of weight gain
Always thinking about food Open / Comment

2021-08-17 10:34:38 Polyps:

Peutz jehger, Juvenile...Hamartomatous polyp

FAP... Adenomatous /Tubular adenoma (Most common adenoma, it has neoplastic tendency)

Rectal polyp.... Villous/Villous adenoma ( Has most neoplastic tendency, causes hypokalemia, worst as 40% chance of invasion )

Most common polyp.....Hyperplastic polyp ( Does not have neoplastic tendency)

UC... Pseudopolyp Open / Comment

2021-08-01 21:56:14 Q10

A 40year old male presents with the history of blood traces on tissue paper after he wipes. He has no history of blood mixed stool but has a history of drops of blood in the toilet after defecation. He has No Past Medical history or family history of Cancer. Which of the following is the most appropriate Next step in Management?

A. Fecal occult blood Test.
B. Colonoscopy.
C. Sigmoidoscopy.
D. Proctoscopy
E. Barium Enema.

Answer: https://bit.ly/3lkKakM

#GIT CaseStudies Open / Comment