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2021-06-08 07:53:19 BIOLOGY SHORT NOTES

The Living World

Unique Features of Living organism:-
● Growth
● Reproduction
● Metabolism
● Consciousness
● Life span
All processes of life occur in protoplasm and hence Huxley Wrightly called protoplasm as the physical basis of life. It is known as living matter because it shows all properties of life.

BIODIVERSITY
Currently there are some 1.7 – 1.8 million living organisms known to science.
Out of which 1.25 are animals and about 0.5 millions are plants.
Use of Systematics
1) Identification
2) Nomenclature
3) Classification

Biological nomenclature : For providing scientific name to known organisms.
Each name has two components- generic name (genus) and specific epithet (species).
This system of nomenclature was provided by Carolus Linnaeus.

Taxonomic categories : A taxonomic category is a rank or level in the hierarchical classification of organisms. There are seven obligate categories and some intermediate categories.

Taxonomic hierarchy is given below :
Kingdom → Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Taxonomic Aids : Techniques, procedures and stored information that are useful in identification and classification of organisms are called taxonomic aids.Like:
1. Herbarium
2. Museums
3. Zoological park
4. Botanical Garden
5. Key

• Key stone species determine the biotic structure of an entire commonly.

• Taxonomy is divided into three types by Turil (1938).
1) α (alpha) taxonomy – It deals with collection and identification of organisms on
the basis of gross morphology, field and herbarium studies that helps to
comile monographs and flora and to identify plants. It is classical taxonomy.
2) β (beta) taxonomy – It deals with collection and identification on the basis of morphology and evidences from genetics, cytology, anatomy, physiology, etc.
3) ω (omega) taxonomy – It consider all microscopic observations and
biochemical evidences and is equivalent to neosystematics (modern taxonomy) and based on phonetic classification.

● Father H. Santapau – Father of Indian Taxonomy.
● William Roxburgh – Father of Indian Botany and Indian Herbaria.
● The term taxonomy was coined and used by French botanist A.P. de
Candolle (1813) in his book Theorie Elementaire de La Botanique.
● Term systematic was used by Swedish botanist and doctor Linnaeus (father of Taxonomy for his book System Nature (1735).

Famous Books
The origin of Life : Oparin
Principles of Systematic Zoology : Emst Mayr
Phillosophic Zoologique : Lamarck
Systema Naturae (1735, 1758) : Linnaeus
Species Plantarum (1753) : Linnaeus
Genera Plantarum (1737): Linnaeus
Philosophia Botanica : Linnaeus

● Correlated characters are groups of common features present in different
members of a group which are used delimitation of various taxa e.g. common features in different species from a genus. This shows common ancestry.

● Revision of Group. It is the grouping of species into distinct taxa of higher
category on the basis of their hormology and evolutionary relationship.

● Vegetation of an area is described but flora/fauna is listed.

● FAA (Formalin aceto-alcohol) is a liquid preservative, most commonly used for preserving anatomy materials.

● Botanical survey of India (BSI) was established in 1890. Its head office is at Calcutta.
Species with two or more varieties/subspecies is known as polytypic species while the one which has no race/variety/subspecies is called monotypic species.

Cohort A group of individuals of the same age within a population.
Sympatric species (Sym = Similar). These are genetically unrelated (different) individuals of species having same or overlapping area of geographical distribution.

Allopatric species (Allo = different). These are genetically related species having different area of geographical
distribution.

Lamarck gave dyanamic concept stating that species is mutable and dynamic.

Biological concept of species was given by Dobzansky (1937) and Mayr (1942).

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━━━━ @JeeNeetFixed ━━━━ Open / Comment

2021-06-07 20:13:02 𝙄𝙈𝙋𝙊𝙍𝙏𝘼𝙉𝙏 𝙉𝙊𝙏𝙀𝙎

1) Red color of carrot and tomato is due to:
anthocyanin
2) P.H of human blood is
7.0
3) Largest organ inside human body is:
Liver
4) Largest organ of human body is:
skin
5) What is celluloses:
Carbohydrates
6) The smallest of all human cells are:
RBCs
7) No of bones in human body is:
206
8) Smallest unit of life is:
Cell
9) Red blood cells have no:
Nucleus
10) White blood cells are also known as:
Leucocytes
11) Red blood cells are also known as:
Erythrocytes
12) Life appeared on earth about:
3 billion years ago
13) When earth was formed its atomsphere were composed of:
Water vapour, ammonia and Methane
14) Biochemical organ of life is discovered by:
Oparin
15) Group of cells are termed as:
Tissue
16) Kingdom fungi are known as:
Decomposer
17) Which cell organelles not participate in cell division:
Ribosomes
18) Longest bone in human body is:
Femur
19) Shortest bone in human body is:
Stapes
20) Most important food is derived from:
Fruits
21) After human most intelligent mammal is:
Dolphins
22) Prokaryot doesn't possess:
Nucleus
23) Eukaryot has a:
Nucleus
24) In bacterial cell..............is not found: @neetfixed
Golgi apparatus
25) ................Is found in plant cell while in animal cell it is absent.
Cell wall @neetfixed Open / Comment

2021-06-07 17:28:58 Check List - I
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Chemistry

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Complete InOrganic
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Complete Organic for NEET
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Complete 11th PHYSICS
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Photosynthesis
Reproductive Health
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Genetics
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Mathematics

Short Cuts
Practice Questions Open / Comment

2021-06-05 17:00:48 Tissues

Tissues are categorized as −
Plant Tissue
Animal Tissue

Plant Tissue
Following are the major types of plant tissue −
Meristematic Tissues
Permanent Tissues

Simple Permanent Tissues
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Epidermis

Complex Permanent Tissue
Xylem
Phloem

Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissue mainly consists of actively dividing cells, and helps in increasing the length and thickening the stems of the plant.

Meristematic tissue, commonly, present in the primary growth regions of a plant, for example, in the tips of stems or roots.

Depending on the region (where the meristematic tissues are found); meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary (see the image given below).

Apical meristem (as shown in the above image) is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and helps in their growth.

Lateral Meristem is found in stem or root region and helps in their growth.

Intercalary meristem is found at the base of the leaves or internodes (on twigs) and helps in growth.


Permanent Tissue
Cells of meristematic tissue later differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.

Permanent Tissue is further categorized as −
Simple Permanent Tissue and
Complex Permanent Tissue
@neetfixed
Simple Permanent Tissue
Simple Permanent Tissue further categorized as −
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Epidermis

Parenchyma tissue provides support to plants and also stores food.
Sometimes, parenchyma tissue contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, in such a condition, it is known as collenchyma.
The collenchyma tissue provides flexibility to plant and also provides mechanical support (to plant).
The large air cavities, which are present in parenchyma of aquatic plants, give buoyancy to the plants and also help them float, are known as aerenchyma.
The Sclerenchyma tissue makes the plant hard and stiff. For example, the husk of a coconut is made up of sclerenchymatous tissue.
The cells of Sclerenchyma tissue normally are dead.
The outermost layer of cells is known as epidermis.
The epidermis is usually made up of a single layer of cells.
The entire surface of a plant has the outer covering of epidermis, which protects all the parts of the plant.


Complex Permanent Tissue
The complex tissue, normally, consists of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit.

Complex tissues help in the transportation by carrying organic material, water, and minerals up and down in the plants.

Complex Permanent Tissue is categorized as;
Xylem
Phloem
@neetfixed
Xylem, normally, consists of tracheid, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers.

Xylem is accountable for the conduction of water and mineral ions/salt.

Phloem, normally, is made up of four types of elements namely −
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
Phloem fibers and
Phloem parenchyma

Phloem tissue transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
@neetfixed Open / Comment

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Handwritten BIOLOGY Notes

Neural Control

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Chemical Regulation

Respiration

Body Fluids & Circulation

Excretion

Biomolecules

Ncert BIOLOGY Highlights

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Biomolecules

Body Fluids & Circulation

Breathing & Exchange of Gases

Handwritten PHYSICS Notes

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Ray Optics

Capacitance

Vectors & Relative Velocity

Newtons Laws of Motion

Circular Motion

Collisions, Centre of Mass & Rotational Motion

Current Electricity

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2021-06-03 06:21:40 Open / Comment

2021-06-01 11:30:58 ELECTROSTATICS

1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect.

2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon.

3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity.

4. Additivity of Charges Charges are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn.

5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same.

6. Quantisation of Charge Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised.

Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne
where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised.

7. Units of Charge
(i) SI unit coulomb (C)
(ii) CGS system
(a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C)
(b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb)
1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C Open / Comment

2021-05-30 10:09:36 Chemical Kinetics Ncert highlights.pdf

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