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2021-06-10 19:26:37 Are you Tejaswi enough?
Johnny’s mother had three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child’s name?
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2021-06-10 14:55:03 Physics formula book

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2021-06-10 09:30:07 BIOLOGY SHORT NOTES

Biological Classification Part-2

MONERA

The kingdom includes all prokaryotes – mycoplasma, bacteria, actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria.

(a) Unicellular, prokaryotes and containing the most primitive of living forms.
(b) The cells are microscopic and cell wall is generally present.
(c) Genetic materials are not organized into nucleus and contain naked DNA.
(d) Membrane bounded organelles are absent.
(e) Reproduction is asexual except gene recombination.
(f) Flagella may be present and are of single stranded.

Example – Blue-green algae, Bacteria etc.

Bacteria:
Shapes:

Coccus: spherical shaped
Spirillum: spiral or coiled shaped
Bacillus: rod shaped
Vibrio: comma shaped

Archaeobacteria –
They are group of most primitive prokaryotes which live under most hostile conditions like extreme-salty area (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidiophiles) and marshy area (methanogens). The call wall structure shows absence of peptidoglycan. Methanogens are responsible for production of biogas (methane).

Eubacteria – They are called as true bacteria contain rigid cell wall, if motile contain flagellum. Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are gram positive photosynthetic bacteria. They contain chlorophyll a and carotenoids. They may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous, fresh water, marine or terrestrial. Some of them have specialized heterocyst cells to perform nitrogen fixation (Nostoc and Anabaena).

Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize inorganic substances like nitriate, nitrite, ammonia etc. to produce energy and help in recycling of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur etc.

Heterotrophic bacteria are helpful in production of curd, antibiotic and fixing nitrogen in leguminous plants.

Mycoplasma –
They are the simplest free living prokaryotes. They are also known as PPLO (Pleuropneumonia like organism).
They lack cell wall and can survive without oxygen.

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2021-06-09 09:30:04 BIOLOGY SHORT NOTES

Biological Classification Part-1

Biological classification is the scientific procedure of arranging organisms into groups and subgroups on the basis of

their similarities and dissimilarities and placing the group in a hierarchy of categories.

Kingdom System of Classification

Two Kingdom

Plantae
Animalia

Three Kingdom

Plantae
Protista
Animalia

Five Kingdom

Monera
Protista
Fingi
Plantae
Animalia

• Eichler and Engler and Prantl phylogenetic systems are transitional (partly) phylogenetic.

• Phylogeny is developmental history of entire race. Haeckel proposed concept of phylogeny.

• Term monera was used by Dogherty and Allen.

Phyletic Classification. It is a type of phylogenetic classification based on the relationship to a particular line of descent. There are two components of phyletic relationships.

(i) Patristic (a term used for similarities between two plants due to a known common ancestry)

(ii) Cledistic (L Cledos = branch, term used for closeness of relationship in terms of phyletic lines).

Cladistlcs (phylogenetic systematics) is a method of classification (given by wiilii henning) (also called hennigian classification)

• Green Data Book (GDB). It gives information about rare plants growing in botanical gardens/protected areas.

• Blue Book. United Nations environment Programme (UNEP) has compiled endangered species of the world under the title Blue Book.

• Traffic. Trade record analysis of flora and fauna in commerce

• UNESCO – United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation.

• IUCNNR (IUCN) – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources or IUCN.

• GEF – Global Environmental Facility.

• BHNS – Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai (its logo is Hombill)

• WWF-N – World wide Fund for Nature (Old name was WWF – World wild life fund). Since 1986, it is WWF-N.

Its logo is giant panda Ailusopoda melanoleuca..

• IBWL – Indian Board for Wild life (1952)

• WPSI – Wild life Preservation Society of India. Dehradun.

• UNEP – United Nations Environments Programme.

• NBPGR – National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.

• NBAGR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal.

• Mixotrophy. This nutrition is found in eugienoids which show photosynthetic mode of nutrition in light and

become hotozoic in the absence of light.

• Albizzia falcate is worlds fastest growing tree.

• Lornatia tasmanica is longest living plant (43000 years old).

• Butea monosperma is called flame of the forest.

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