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The latest Messages 22
2021-07-22 19:10:34
#Mostimp POINTS on s-Block Elements:#FROMNCERT
Covalent Character:.
Small cation and large anion favors covalency.
Order: LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl & . LiI > LiBr > LiCl > LiF
Greater the charge on the cation greater is its polarizing power and hence larger is the covalent character: Na+CI- < Mg+2CI2 < AI+3 CI3
Greater the charge on the anion, more easily it gets polarized thereby imparting more covalent character to the compound formed eg covalent character increase in the order. NaCI < Na2SO4 < Na3PO4
c) Lattice Energies: Amount of energy required to separate one mole of solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions.
Greater the lattice energy, higher is the melting point of the alkali metals halide and lower is its solubility in water
d) Hydration Energy: Amount of energy released when one mole of gaseous ions combine with water to form hydrated ions.
M+ (g) + aq → M+ (aq) + hydration energy
X- (g) + aq → X- (aq) + hydration energy
Higher the hydration energy of the ions greater is the solubility of the compound in water.
The solubility of the most of alkali metal halides except those of fluorides decreases on descending the group since the decrease in hydration energy is more than the corresponding decrease in the lattice energy.
Due to high hydration energy of Li+ ion, Lithium halides are soluble in water except LiF which is sparingly soluble due to its high lattice energy.
For the same alkali metal the melting point decreases in the order
fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide
For the same halide ion, the melting point of lithium halides are lower than those of the corresponding sodium halides and thereafter they decrease as we move down the group from Na to Cs.
The low melting point of LiCl (887 K) as compared to NaCl is probably because LiCl is covalent in nature and NaCl is ionic.
Anomalous Behavior of Lithium and diagonal relationship with Magnesium:
Li has anomalous properties due to
Very small size
High polarizing Power
Lithium show diagonal relationship with magnesium because both elements have almost same polarizing power.
The melting point and boiling point of lithium are comparatively high.
Lithium is much harder than the other alkali metals. Magnesium is also hard metal.
Lithium reacts with oxygen least readily to form normal oxide whereas other alkali metals form peroxides and superoxides.
LiOH like Mg (OH)2 is weak base. Hydroxides of other alkali metals are strong bases.
Due to their appreciable covalent nature, the halides and alkyls of lithum and magnesium are soluble in organic solvents.
Unlike elements of group 1 but like magnesium. Lithium forms nitride with nitrogen.6Li + N2 → 2Li3N
LiCl is deliquescent and crystallizes as a hydrate, LiCI2H2O. Other alkali metals do not form hydrates. also forms hydrate, MgCI2.8H2O .
Unlike other alkali metals lithium reacts directly with carbon to form an ionic carbide. Magnesium also forms a similar carbide.
The carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates of lithium as well as magnesium decompose on heating.
Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
2LiOH → Li2O + H2O
Mg (OH)2 → MgO + H2O
4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
2Mg ( NO3)2 → 2Mg + 4NO2 +O2
The corresponding salts of other alkali metals are stable towards heat.
Lithium nitrate, on heating, decomposes to give lithium oxide, Li2O whereas other alkali metals nitrate decomposes to give the corresponding nitrite.
4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2
2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2
Li2CO3, LiOH, LiF and Li3PO4 are the only alkali metal salts which are insoluble in water. The corresponding magnesium compounds are also insoluble in water.
Hydrogen carbonates of both lithium and magnesium can not be isolated in solid state. Hydrogen carbonates of other alkali metals can be isolated in solid state.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH):
a. Properties
NaOH is stable towards heat but is reduced to metal when heated with carbon
2NaOH + 2C → 2Na +2CO + H2
FeCl3 + 3NaOH →Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 (pungent smell) + H2O
703 views16:10
2021-07-22 18:05:08
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION SHORT NOTES
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656 views15:05
2021-07-22 16:09:13
Polymers #ONESHOT #FROMNCERT
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706 viewsedited 13:09
2021-07-22 15:53:41
Formula sheet for Solutions chapter
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683 views12:53
2021-07-22 15:48:14
#Mostimp Points on Chemical Coordination and Regulation #FrmNcert
Properties of hormones
(a) These are secreted by endocrine gland (biogenic in origin).
(b) Their secretions is released directly into blood (except local hormones e.g. gastrin).
(c) These are carried to distantly locate specific organs, called target organ.
(d) These have specific physiological action (excitatory or inhibatory). These co-ordinate different physical, mental and metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis.
(e) The hormones have low molecular weight e.g. ADH has a molecular weight of 600–2000 daltons.
(f) These act in very low concentration e.g. around10–10 molar.
(g) Hormones are non antigenic.
(h) These are mostly short-lived. So have a no camulative effect.
(i) Some hormones are quick acting e.g. adrenalin, while some acting slowly e.g. ostrogen of ovary.
(j) Some hormones secreted in inactive form called Prohormone e.g. Pro-insulin.
(k) Hormones are specific. They are carriers of specific information to their specific target organ. Only those target cell respond to a particular hormone for which they have receptors.
https://t.me/NCERT_BIOLOGY_ANALYSIS
725 viewsedited 12:48
2021-07-22 10:40:08
#IMP PONITS ON Matrices #FromNcert #JEE
2) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and (AB)-1 = B-1A-1. This is also termed as the reversal law.
3) In general,if A,B,C,...are invertible matrices then (ABC....)-1 =..... C-1 B-1 A-1.
4) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)-1 = (A-1)T.
If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |adj A| = |A|n-1.
If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).
If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj(AT) = (adj A)T.
If A is a non-singular square matrix, then adj(adjA) = |A|n-1A.
The following three operations can be applied on rows or columns of a matrix:
1) Interchange of any two rows (columns)
2) Multiplying all elements of a row (column) of a matrix by a non-zero scalar. If the elements of ith row (column) are multiplied by non-zero scalar k, it will be denoted by Rl→Ri (k) [Ci→Ci (k)] or Rl→kRi [Ci→kCi].
3) Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row (column) multiplied by any scalar k.
A number ‘r’ is called the rank of a matrix if:
1) Every square sub matrix of order (r +1) or more is singular
2) There exists at least one square sub matrix of order r which is non-singular.
It also equals the number of non-zero rows in the row echelon form of the matrix.
for more
https://t.me/NCERT_MATHS_ANALYSIS
766 viewsedited 07:40
2021-07-22 07:52:05
#Some_Important_Questions #FROMNCERT #FORNEET
* CELL *
The word cell came from the latin word.
* Ans: Cellula*
All living organisms are made up of
* Ans: Cell*
Study of cell - *Cytology*
Study of tissue - *Histology*
The physical unit of life
* Ans: Protoplasm*
Who invented the cell?
* Ans: Robert Hook in 1665*
Cell theory was proposed by?
* Ans: M.J. Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839)*
Scientist who observed cork cells under a microscope?
* Ans: Robert Hook*
Plant cell was discovered by?
* Ans: Robert Hook*
The term protoplasm was coined by 3.E. Purkinje Scientist who called protoplasm as the physical basis of life T.H. Huxley
Largest cell
* Ans: Ostrich's egg*
Smallest cell?
* Ans: Mycoplasma*
Organisms known as pleuro pneumonia like organism (PPLO)?
* Ans: Mycoplasma*
Smallest cell in the human body?
* Ans: Sperm*
Largest cell in human body?
* Ans: Ovum*
Longest cell in human body?
* Ans: Neuron*
Power house of a cell?
* Ans: Mitochondria*
Brain of the cell?
* Ans: Nucleus*
Kitchen of the cell?
* Ans: Chloroplast*
Energy Currency of the cell?
* Ans: ATP*
Suicidal bag?
* Ans: Lysosomes*
Traffic Police of the cell?
* Ans: Golgibodies*
Skeletal system of the cell?
* Ans: Endoplasmic reticulum*
The cell having most life span in human body?
* Ans: RBC*
Cytoplasm and Nucleus are included in?
* Ans: Protoplasm*
The cell organelle known as protein factory?
* Ans: Ribosome*
The organelle in the site of protein synthesis?
* Ans: Ribosome*
Ribosome has its own?
* Ans: RNA*
Two types of acids present in cell?
* Ans: DNA and RNA*
The basic unit of chromosome?
* Ans: DNA*
The functional unit of DNA?
* Ans: Genes*
Function of DNA?
* Ans: Transmission of hereditary traits*
Function of RNA?
* Ans: Protein synthesis*
Each chromosome has?
* Ans: A pair of DNA*
DNA sugar is called?
* Ans: Deoxyribose*
The nitrogen bases in DNA?
* Ans: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine*
The RNA sugar?
* Ans: Ribose*
The nitrogen bases in RNA?
* Ans : Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine*
The double helical model of DNA was discovered by?
* Ans: James Watson and Francis Crick*
The enzyme present in lysosome?
* Ans: Hydrolytic enzyme*
Lysosome was discovered by?
* Ans: Christion de Duve (1955)*
Compounds enter the cell through?
* Ans: Endoplasmic reticulum*
The cell organelle which is the sites of energy transfer in living cell?
* Ans: Mitochondria*
The functions of mitochondria?
* Ans: Cellular respiration, ATP production*
The stage of cellular respiration which does not need oxygen?
* Ans: Glycolysis*
The term Mitochondria was coined by?
* Ans: Carl Benda (1898)*
Name the process in which the main product is energy?
* Ans: Cellular respiration*
In mitochondria the energy is formed in the form of?
* Ans: ATP molecules*
Which molecule is known as the energy currency?
* Ans : ATP molecule*
ATP?
* Ans: Adenosine Triphosphate*
The cell that lacks mitochondria and nucleus?
* Ans: RBC*
Number of ATP molecule that will get from one molecule of glucose?
* Ans: 38ATP*
The elements in the component of ATP?
* Ans: Nitrogen and phosphorus*
Kerb's cycle is related to?
* Ans: Cellular respiration*
Cell respiration was discovered by?
* Ans: Adolf Krebs*
The whole process of a cell is controlled by?
* Ans: Nucleus*
The cell without nucleus?
* Ans: Prokaryotic cell*
The cell with nucleus?
* Ans : Eukaryotic cell*
Nucleus was discovered by?
* Ans : Robert Brown*
Name the process in which lysosome digest its own cell organelles?
* Ans: Autoplagy*
A network like structure inside the nucleus is called?
* Ans: Chromatin Reticulum*
The structure of cell is first explained in the book of?
* Ans: Micrographia*
The living thing which do not obey cell theory?
* Ans: Virus*
The scientist first studied about all structure and cell reaction?
* Ans: Theodor Schwaan*
Schwaan cell are seen in?
* Ans: Nerve cell
https://t.me/NCERT_biology_analysis
748 viewsedited 04:52
2021-07-22 07:45:03
Periodic Classification One shot
For more join
( https://t.me/NCERT_PCMB_OFFICIAL )
665 views04:45
2021-07-21 19:53:09
#MOST important points - Human Reproduction #FROMNCERT
Uterus also called womb.
Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of uterus. (During pregnancy)
Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male.
Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male
A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.
The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies.
Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules is called spermiation.
Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination.
Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation .
Mammalian sperms are transfered to vagina of female by the process called insemination.
In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human being.
Leydig's cells mature at 10 yrs. of age.
In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo meiosis II.
The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted chromosomes.
65-74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in human being.
https://t.me/NCERT_BIOLOGY_ANALYSIS
866 viewsedited 16:53
2021-07-21 19:51:22
ABOUT #Human heart IN DETAIL
774 viewsedited 16:51
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