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2021-08-15 13:28:46 *𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮 𝙏𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙠*

*𝙒𝘽𝘾*

𝙉𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙡𝙚𝙩 𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙠𝙚𝙮 𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙨 𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙖

𝙀𝙭𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣

𝙉: 𝙉𝙚𝙪𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙨 : 𝙈𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙖𝙗𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙩

𝙇: 𝙇𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙝𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙚 : 𝙎𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙥𝙪𝙨𝙘𝙡𝙚

𝙈: 𝙈𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙚 : 𝙇𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙥𝙪𝙨𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙨

𝙀: 𝙀𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙨/𝘼𝙘𝙞𝙙𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙨: 𝘽𝙄𝙡𝙤𝙗𝙗𝙚𝙙

𝘽: 𝘽𝙖𝙨𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙨 : 𝙇𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙩 𝙖𝙗𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙩




𝙎𝙤 *𝙆𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜* 𝙖𝙣𝙙 *𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙮 𝙩𝙪𝙣𝙚𝙙* 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙮 𝙨𝙖𝙛𝙚*
________ Open / Comment

2021-08-15 10:16:57 Don’t let your doubts pile up!  ​
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2021-08-14 20:31:24 *Download the Gyanshetra App

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2021-08-14 19:19:42 BIӨDIVΣЯƧƬIY ΛПD ᄃӨПƧΣЯVΛƬIӨП

𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐂𝐊 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒
There are about 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes & 20,000 species of orchids

Term biodiversity was popularised by Edward wilson

India has 50,000 genetically different strains of rice and 1000 varieties of mango

Acc to IUCN (2004), No.of species discovered and described range about 1.5 million

Robert may estimate - total no.of species is around 7 million

More than 70% of species discovered are animals

More than 70% of animals are insects

Plants constitute not more than 22% of total species

Total no.of species of fungi is more than combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

India occupy 2.4% of total land surface but they contribute 8.1% of total biodiversity

There are about 45,000 species of plants and twice as many animals are discovered in india

Acc to robert estimate...only 22% of total no.of species have been discovered


There are 1,00,000 plant species and more than 3,00,000 animals species are yet to be discovered in india

Columbia has 1400 species of birds...newyork - 105 species of birds, Greenland - 56 species

India has 1200 species of birds Amazonian rain forest in south

america has 1300 species of birds, 40000 species of plants, 427 amphibians, 427 mammals, 378 reptiles, more thab 1,25,000 invertebrates

The colonisation of tropical pacific island by humans has led to the extinction of 2000 species of native birds

Over 784 species have extincted in past 500 years ( 359 invertebrates, 338 vertebrates & 87 plants )

In last 20 years, 27 species disappeared

Around 15,500 species are facing threat of extinction

32% amphibians, 31% gymnosperms, 23% mammals, & 12% birds are facing threat of extinction Open / Comment

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2021-08-14 17:06:06 Important One Liners on Structure of a Sperm
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The body of sperm is covered by plasma membrane or cell membrane.

Sperm can be divided into 4 parts namely: head, neck, middle piece and tail. The haploid nucleus is present in the head. Acrosome is the cap-like structure of head which helps it to fertilize the ovum.

Acrosome is the cap-like structure present on the anterior-most end of the sperm head. It is filled with numerous enzymes like hyaluronic acid which are released upon encounter of egg in female oviduct. These enzymes function by digesting the membrane, thus allowing penetration of head and further release of male nuclei.

Mitochondria are present in the middle piece of the sperm. They are essential for producing energy required for movement of tail. This is essential for movement through the genital tract and oviduct before sperm encounters the egg. Rakesh might have less or poorly functional mitochondria, which prevent his normal count of sperms from moving along the genital tract.

Sperm count is essential as it determines the probability of a sperm encountering the egg. Sperm motility is essential to ensure the passage of sperms through the genital tract, uterus and oviduct. Sperm production rate determines the number of healthy coitus a male can have. Sperm height is not a determining factor of fertility.

Low sperm count leads to lesser amount of sperms entering the genital tract and passing successfully before encountering the egg in the oviduct. Thus less sperm count leads to lesser chances of fertilization and might result in infertility.

Seminiferous tubules are lined by spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce sperm that are nourished by Sertoli cells.

Sperms are released out from seminiferous tubules facilitated by seminal plasma composed of secretions from epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and prostate.

Seminal plasma helps in the motility and maturation of sperm. Secretions produce it from vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate.

Testosterone secreted by Leydig cells stimulates spermatogenesis. It also acts on accessory ducts and glands and maintains their proper function. Release of sperms and semen is not coordinated by testosterone. Open / Comment

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Open / Comment

2021-08-14 11:37:43 IMP OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Environment (Protection) Act

>Passed by Government of India in 1986

>To protect and improve the quality of the environment

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

>Passed in 1981

>Amended in 1986 to include noise under air pollution

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

>Passed in 1974 to protect water bodies

Montreal Protocol

>Signed in 1987 and came into effect from 1989

>To protect the ozone layer by controlling the use of ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs

Joint Forest Management (JFM)

>Conceptualised in 1980 by Government of India

>It involves a joint partnership of local communities and forest department in the protection and management of forests

Chipko Movement

>In 1974, Garhwal Himalayas

National Forest Policy

>Came into force in 1988

>According to it, plains should have 33% forest cover and hills 67% forest cover Open / Comment