NEET_JEE_NCERT_TRICKS

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2021-09-25 17:52:32 IMPORTANT POINTS
Transportation in Plants

The plants have low energy needs, as they use relatively slow transport systems.
Plant transport systems move energy from leaves and raw materials from roots to all their parts.
The xylem (tissue) moves water and minerals obtained from the soil to all other parts of the plants.
The phloem (tissue) transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves (where they are synthesized) to other parts of the plant.


Movement of Water in Plants
Water moves into the root from the soil and then steady it moves into the root xylem, creating a column of water, which is progressively pushed upwards.
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf (see the image given above) creates a suction process, which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots; this process keeps going on.
The loss of water in the form of vapor from the leaves (i.e. aerial parts) of the plant is known as transpiration.
Transpiration, likewise, helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
Transpiration also helps in the temperature regulation (in plants).
The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is known as translocation, which occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem.
Along with photosynthesis products, the phloem also transports amino acids and other substances, which are ultimately delivered to roots, fruits, seeds, and to growing organs. Open / Comment

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2021-09-25 15:46:16 ...............Human Reproduction- Significance of fertilization............

(a) It provides stimulus for the egg to complete its maturation.

(b) It activates the ovum to develop into a new individual by repeated mitotic division.

(c) Fertilization restores the diploid number of chromosomes (46 in man) in the zygote by adding male’s haploid set of chromosomes.

(d) It makes the egg more active metabolically.

(e) It combines the character of two parents and introduces variations. So help in evolution.

(f) Sex chromosomes of sperm is either X or Y and helps in sex determination.

(g) Fertilization membrane formed after sperm entry, checks the entry of additional sperms.

(h) Copulation path sets the axis of division.

.......Menstrual Cycle........
(1) Menstruation occurs in human, apes and old world monkeys.

(2) Menstruation is bleeding from the uterus of adult females at intervals of one lunar month.

(3) Beginning of menstruation or first menstruation is called menarche.

(4) The beginning of menstruation varies. It usually occurs between 12 and 15 years.

(5) The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called Menstrual Cycle.

(6) In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days.

(7) One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle of each menstrual cycle.

(8) It is regulated by certain hormones, some of which are secreted by the pituitary gland.

(9) The pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus.

(10) The hormones produced by the pituitary gland influence the ovaries. The hormones secreted by the ovaries affect the walls of the uterus.

Phases of Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle consists of following four phases:

(1) Menstrual Phase:

(i) In a 28 days menstrual cycle,the menses takes place on cycle days 3-5.

(ii) The production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is reduced.

(iii) The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of the corpus luteum and, therefore progestrone production is reduced.

(iv) Production of oestrogen is also reduced in this phase.

(v) The endometrium of uterus breaks down & menstruation begins.

(vi) The cells of endometrium secretions, blood & unfertilised ovum constitutes the menstrual flow.

(2) Follicular Phase:

(i) This phase usually includes cycle days 6-13 or 14 in a 28 days cycle.

(ii) The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogens.

(iii) Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall.

(iv) The endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell multiplication and this is accompanied by an increase in uterine glands & blood vessels.

(3) Ovulatory Phase:

(i) Both LH & FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day).

(ii) Oestrogen concentration in blood increases.

(iii) Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of graffian follicle and thereby the release of ovum.

(iv) In fact LH causes ovulation.

(4) Luteal Phase:

(i) Includes cycle days 15 to 28.

(ii) Corpus luteum secretes progestrone.

(iii) Endometrium thickens.

(iv) Uterine glands become secretory.

Hormonal Control of MC....
(i) FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce oestrogens.

(ii) LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progestrone.

(iii) Menstrual phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.

(iv) LH causes ovulation

(v) Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens.

(vi) Secretory phase is caused by increased production of progestrone. Open / Comment

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2021-09-24 19:33:57 Notes on Chemical Coordination and Regulation


Properties of hormones
(a) These are secreted by endocrine gland (biogenic in origin).

(b) Their secretions is released directly into blood (except local hormones e.g. gastrin).

(c) These are carried to distantly locate specific organs, called target organ.

(d) These have specific physiological action (excitatory or inhibatory). These co-ordinate different physical, mental and metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis.

(e) The hormones have low molecular weight e.g. ADH has a molecular weight of 600–2000 daltons.

(f) These act in very low concentration e.g. around10–10 molar.

(g) Hormones are non antigenic.

(h) These are mostly short-lived. So have a no camulative effect.

(i) Some hormones are quick acting e.g. adrenalin, while some acting slowly e.g. ostrogen of ovary.

(j) Some hormones secreted in inactive form called Prohormone e.g. Pro-insulin.

(k) Hormones are specific. They are carriers of specific information to their specific target organ. Only those target cell respond to a particular hormone for which they have receptors. Open / Comment

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2021-09-23 21:40:02 Important One Liners on Electric Charges
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If an object is attracted by another charged body, the first object may be oppositely charged or not charged because we know both an uncharged object and an oppositely charged object are attracted by another charged object.

If an object is positively charged it loses some of its electrons. The mass of an electron is 9.11*10^-31 kg. So, if a positively charged body loses ‘n’ number of electrons, it mass decrease by the amount n*9.11E^-31kg.

Though gold is a costly metal it is used in electroscope because of the property malleability. This means very thin and light sheets can be formed from gold simply by hammering or rolling and hence the deflection of the light gold plates increases.

The divergence of the plates of the Gold-leaf oscilloscope depends only on the presence of a charge, not on the quality of charge i.e. positive or negative. So, if the charge changes from positive to negative and vice versa the degree of divergence of the plates remains the same.

The same charges repel each other. So, they try to maintain maximum distance from each other and hence they try to remain at the outer surface of an object. If the charge remains on the inner surface or throughout the body, they will repel each other with greater force.

The human body is a good conductor and hence the charge produced by friction flew through his body to the ground. We can tackle the problem simply by holding the brass rod with the help of some insulated holder.

If the apparatus is initially in contact with some positively charged body and then comes in contact with another charged body and if the divergence increases we can deduce that the second body is also positively charged. If the divergence decreases then the second body must be negatively charged.

According to electrostatic series, glass is situated above silk. So, if the glass is rubbed with silk, the positive charge on glass and negative charge on silk is produced. Similarly, we can predict what is the nature of charge if we rub two di-electric substances together.

1 Coulomb means 3*10^9 Electro Static Unit of charge. Coulomb and ESU are two different units of charge and their conversion formula is necessary. Coulomb is the unit of charge in the SI system and esu is the unit of charge in the CGS system.

The two spheres are oppositely charged by the same amount. So if they come in contact, both of their charges are neutralized. So they become uncharged and don’t attract or repel each other. Open / Comment