UPSC NOTES & CURRENT AFFAIRS

2021-07-20 17:30:06 ︎SCIENCE and TECH - 15

■ PM- WANI

#Governmentinitiative #GS3

Public Wi-Fi plan ‘PM Wani’ gets cabinet approval.

□ ABOUT :-

◇ The move is aimed at helping accelerate the uptake of broadband Internet services.

◇ It was first recommended by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) in 2017.

□ FEATURES :-

◇ This will allow setting up of public WiFi hotspots across the country via public data offices (PDOs).

◇ It will not require the PDOs to get a license or pay a fee.

◇ This will involve multiple players, including PDOs, Public Data Office Aggregators (PDOA), app providers, and a central registry.

□ SIGNIFICANCE :-

◇ Public Wi-Fi networks will ‘democratize’ content distribution and broadband access to millions at affordable rates.

︎SOURCE - THE INDIAN EXPRESS.

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2021-07-19 17:00:08 ︎Science and tech - 14.

■ SPECTRUM AUCTIONS.

◇ Devices such as cellphones and wireline telephones require signals to connect from one end to another.

◇ These signals are carried on airwaves, which must be sent at designated frequencies to avoid any kind of interference.

◇ The Union government owns all the publicly available assets within the geographical boundaries of the country, which also include airwaves.

◇ To sell these assets to companies willing to set up the required infrastructure to transport these waves from one end to another, the central government through the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) auctions these airwaves from time to time.

◇ These airwaves are called spectrum, which is subdivided into bands which have varying frequencies. All these airwaves are sold for a certain period of time, after which their validity lapses, which is generally set at 20 years.

︎SOURCE - THE INDIAN EXPRESS.

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2021-07-18 08:30:02 ︎ S&T - 13

■ mRNA VACCINES.


□ HOW DO VACCINES WORK ?

◇ Vaccines work by training the body to recognise and respond to the proteins produced by disease-causing organisms, such as a virus or bacteria.

□ WHAT ARE mRNA VACCINES ?

◇ mRNA vaccines trick the body into producing some of the viral proteins itself.

◇ They work by using mRNA, or messenger RNA, which is the molecule that essentially puts DNA instructions into action.

◇ Inside a cell, mRNA is used as a template to build a protein.

□ SIGNIFICANCE :-

◇ There are two parts to our immune system: innate (the defences we’re born with) and acquired (which we develop as we come into contact with pathogens).

◇ Classical vaccine molecules usually only work with the acquired immune system and the innate immune system is activated by another ingredient, called an adjuvant.

◇ Interestingly, mRNA in vaccines could also trigger the innate immune system, providing an extra layer of defence without the need to add adjuvants.

︎SOURCE - THE INDIAN EXPRESS. Open / Comment

2021-07-17 08:30:02 ︎S&T - 12

■ LIGHT DETECTION and RANGING SURVEY (LiDAR) TECHNIQUE.

#Governmentinitiative #GS3

National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited adopts Light Detection and Ranging Survey (LiDAR) technique using Laser enabled equipment mounted on a Helicopter for conducting ground survey for the preparation of Detailed Project Report for the proposed Delhi-Varanasi HSR corridor.

□ ABOUT LiDAR

◇ It is remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges to the Earth.

◇ These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system— generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.

□ HOW IT WORKS ?

◇ LiDAR follows a principle - throw laser light at an object on the earth surface and calculate the time it takes to return to the LiDAR source.

◇ Given the speed at which the light travels, the process of measuring the exact distance through LiDAR appears to be incredibly fast.


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2021-07-16 07:30:04 ︎SCIENCE and TECH - 11

■ DEEP OCEAN MISSION.

#Governmentinitiative #GS3

#Oceanography #GS1

India will soon launch an ambitious ‘Deep Ocean Mission’.

□ ABOUT :-

◇ The mission proposes to explore the deep ocean similar to the space exploration started by ISRO about 35 years ago.

◇ The focus of the mission will be on deep-sea mining, ocean climate change advisory services, underwater vehicles and underwater robotics related technologies.

◇ Two key projects planned in the ‘Deep Ocean Mission’ report include a desalination plant powered by tidal energy and a submersible vehicle that can explore depths of at least 6,000 metres.

□ SIGNIFICANCE

◇ The mission will give a boost to efforts to explore India’s vast Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf.

◇ The plan will enable India to develop capabilities to exploit resources in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB).

︎SOURCE - THE HINDU.

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2021-07-15 07:30:03 ︎SCIENCE and TECH - 10

■ CRYPTO CURRENCY.

#Newdiscoveries #GS3

The corporate affairs ministry has announced companies will have to disclose any holding or dealings in cryptocurrencies or virtual currencies in their financial statements filed with the Registrar of Companies.

□ WHAT ARE CRYPTOCURRENCIES ?

◇ A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend.

◇ Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.

◇ A defining feature of cryptocurrencies is that they are generally not issued by any central authority, rendering them theoretically immune to government interference.


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2021-07-14 08:30:08 ︎S&T - 9

■ NASA's INGENUITY HELICOPTER.

#Space #GS3

NASA successfully flew its tiny helicopter Ingenuity on Mars, the first powered flight on another planet.

□ ABOUT INGENUITY :-

◇ Ingenuity’s goal is to demonstrate its technology works, and it won’t contribute to Perseverance’s science goals.

□ ABOUT PERSEVERANCE :-

◇ Launched on July of 2020.

◇ A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life.

◇ The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith.

◇ Perseverance is fueled by electrical power using heat of plutonium’s radioactive decay.

◇ Perseverance will carry a unique instrument, MOXIE or Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment: which for the first time will manufacture molecular oxygen on Mars using carbon dioxide.

︎SOURCE - THE HINDU.

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2021-07-13 08:30:03 ︎ S&T - 8

■ CORD BLOOD BANKING


#Biotechnology #GS3

◇ Cord blood (short for umbilical cord blood) is the blood that remains in the umbilical cord and placenta post-delivery.

◇ It contains special cells called hematopoietic stem cells that can be used to treat some types of diseases.

□ CORD BLOOD BANKING.

◇ Cord blood banking is the process of collecting the cord blood and extracting and cryogenically freezing its stem cells and other cells of the immune system for potential future medical use.

□ USES :-

◇ They can treat cancer, blood diseases like anemia, and some immune system disorders, which disrupt your body’s ability to defend itself.

◇ The fluid is easy to collect and has 10 times more stem cells than those collected from bone marrow.

◇ Stem cells from cord blood rarely carry any infectious diseases and are half as likely to be rejected as adult stem cells.

︎ SOURCE - THE HINDU.

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2021-07-12 08:30:08 ︎SCIENCE and TECH - 7

■ SHUKRAYAAN.

#Space #GS3

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has short-listed 20 space-based experiment proposals for its proposed Venus orbiter mission 'Shukrayaan'.

□ ABOUT :-

◇ It is a mission to study Venus for more than four years.

◇ Scientific objectives: Investigation of the surface processes and shallow subsurface stratigraphy; and solar wind interaction with Venusian Ionosphere, and studying the structure, composition and dynamics of the atmosphere.

◇ The satellite is planned to be launched onboard GSLV Mk II rocket.

◇ The proposed orbit is expected to be around 500 x 60,000 km around Venus.

□ WHY STUDY VENUS ?

◇ Venus is described as the “twin sister” of the Earth because of the similarities in size, mass, density, bulk composition and gravity.

◇ Both planets share a common origin, forming at the same time out of a condensing nebulosity around 4.5 billion years ago.

︎SOURCE - FINANCIAL EXPRESS.

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