Agriculture Exams Library

2021-04-05 14:11:39 Agriculture Exams Library ✪ pinned a photo Open / Comment

2021-04-05 14:11:33 Due to high demand from students we have launched FCI Course at minimal price.

COURSE PRICE 699/-

In this course we have covered all the relevant Agriculture part as per syllabus provided in the fci notification, we will add daily New lectures in the course.

Topics covered

Agriculture part as per syllabus

ENTOMOLOGY

CHEMISTRY

BIOTECHNOLOGY

FSSAI, NFSM, PFA, RTI ACTS

AGRICULTURE CURRENT DATA

New lectures will be added daily

FCI COURSE IS 30 % OFF FOR FIRST 200 STUDENTS, HURRY UP AND REGISTER NOW

https://www.agricultureexamslibrary.in/learn/FCI-Technical-AGM Open / Comment

2021-04-04 19:00:08 #FCI #CHEMISTRY

OCTET RULE
During a chemical reaction the atoms tend to adjust their electronic arrangement in such a way that they achieve 8 e– in their outermost electron. This is called octet rule.

CHEMICAL BOND- the chemical force which keeps the atoms in any molecule together is called a chemical bond.

IONIC BOND- The columbic force of attraction which holds the appositively charged ions together is called an ionic bond. An ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from the atom of a metal to an atom of non- metal.

LATTICE ENTHALPY- The molar enthalpy change accompanying the complete

separation of the constituent particles that compose of the solids (such as ions for ionic solid, molecules for molecular solids) under standard conditions is called lattice enthalpy (AH°). The lattice enthalpy is a positive quantity.

ELECTRO VALENCY: The number of electrons lost or gain by an atom of an element is called as electrovalency.

https://t.me/FCI_AGRI_EXAM Open / Comment

2021-04-04 04:00:26 **COVERAGE OF POPULATION AND ENTITLEMENT UNDER TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
#NFSM_2013

As per the proposed National Food Security Bill (NFSB), upto 75% of the rural population (with atleast 46% belonging to the priority households) and upto 50% of the urban population (with atleast 28% belonging to the priority households) will be provided subsidized foodgrains under TPDS.
Priority households will be entitled to 7 kg. of foodgrains per person per
month at prices not exceeding 3, 2, Re. 1 per kg. for rice, wheat, coarse grains, respectively and general households will be entitled to not less than 3 kg. of foodgrains at prices not exceeding 50% of Minimum Support Price (MSP) for wheat and coarse grains and not exceeding 50% of derived MSP
for rice.**

https://t.me/FCI_AGRI_EXAM Open / Comment

2021-04-03 16:38:52 #microbiology
Properties of monosaccharide

(a) Monosaccharides are colourless, sweet tasting, solids.

(b) Due to asymmetric carbon, they exist in different isomeric forms. They can rotate polarized light hence they are dextrorotatory and leavorotatory.

(c) D-glucose after reduction gives rise to a mixture of polyhydroxy alcohol, sorbitol or mannitol.

(d) The sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group reduce Cu++ to Cu+ (cupric to cuprous)

(e) Sugars show oxidation, esterification and fermentation.

(f) The aldehyde or ketone group of a simple sugar can join an alcoholic group of another organic compound bond C-O-C the process involves loss of water and is called condensation (H-O-H) or H+OH → H2O.
https://t.me/FCI_AGRI_EXAM Open / Comment

2021-04-03 07:31:48 #GENERAL_AGRICULTURE

1. Which element is responsible for nodulation in legumes Phosphorous

2. Fingerprinting is related to which crop – Pineapple

3. yellow vein mosaic virus disease is related to Bhindi

4. Which clay Mineral is dominant in Black soil Montmorillonite

5. Sprouting in onion is controlled by the hormone of –MH

6. Which chemical/ hormone is used for regular bearing in mango- Paclo butrozol (PP333)

7. High yielding variety of wheat was developed by -Borlaug

8. break down of clods , crusts and plant material by the impact of particles moved by wind in saltation is called as - Abrasion

9. A soil with a pH value less than 7 hence having more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions in the soil solution is called as - Acid Soil

10. The movement of ions and water into the plant root because of metabolic processes by the root, frequently against an electrochemical potential gradient is referred to as-Active absorption

11. The chemical in commercial product that is directly responsible for the herbicidal activity is called its - Active ingredient

12. the transfer of heat energy my means of horizontal mass motions through a medium is termed as - Advection

13. A technique in growing plants where in the plants derive their nutrients and drawn from a mist of air and aqueous solution that comes in contact with the roots is called - Aerophonics

14. A term proposed by Mc Gillchrist in 1965, which is a measure of how much a relative yield increase in component a is greater than for component b is known as -Aggressively

15. The removal of excess water known as free water or gravitational water from the surface of the farm land as to create favourable soil conditions for plants growth is called as -Agriculture drainage

16. The growing of agricultural crops along with the forest crop is known as - Agri- silviculture

17. A land units defined in terms of major climate and growing period, which is climatically the homogenous response of a crop or a farming system is called as - Agro-climatic zone

18. An alternative renewable fuel ,produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a refinery recess called trans- esterification is called as - Bio Diesel

19. in India , NRC for medicine and aromatic plants is located at - Anand

20. A branch of science , which deals with the stud of grasses , their classification , management and utilization is called-Agrostology

21. The area that comprises of all the areas from which water flows out into a common river or water pool is called as-Catchment Area

22. A branch of science, that studies the aspects of climate, which are relevant to the problems of agriculture is called - Agro-climatology

23. A Medium , which resists change or a substance added to resist change in concentration of pH activity in a solution as called as - Buffer

24. the crop which is grown as a substitute for the main crop that has failed on account of unfavourable condition is called as - Catch crop.

25. the ratio of total cropped area in different seasons to the total land area is known as - Cropping intensity

26. The branch of agriculture which deals with scientific crop production and management is–Agronomy

27. Cultivation of crops in Areas where rainfall is less than 750 MM per annum is known as - dry farming

28. the study of the inter - relationship of living organisms with each other and with their environment in an agricultural system- agro-ecology.

https://instagram.com/agriculture_exams_library?igshid=13y5xfgi9twsk Open / Comment

2021-04-02 15:18:36 The Central Government fixes the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and after consultations with State Governments and other stakeholders.
The FRP is the benchmark price below which no sugar mill can purchase cane from sugarcane farmers.
However, some of the State Governments viz. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu announce State Advised Price (SAP) which is generally higher than the FRP. Open / Comment

2021-04-02 11:40:24 Notes on Chemical Bonding For #FCI Exam #Chemistry

Chemical bond:-
Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule.

There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond.

Octet Rule:
Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell.

Lewis Structures:
Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’.

Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’.

Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons.

Exceptions to the Octet Rule:
Species with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2,

Incomplete octet for the central atom: LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3

Expanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4

Formal Charge:
Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure.

Formal charge = [Total number of valence electrons in the free atom ) - (Total number of lone pairs of electrons) -1/2(Total number of shared electrons i.e. bonding electrons)]

Resonance:
For molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis structure.

All the properties of such species can only be explained by two or more Lewis structures. Example: Resonance of O3

Ionic Bonding:
Formation of Ionic Bond:
Formation of ionic bond takes place between a metal and a non-metal by transfer of electron.

Formation of gaseous cations

A(g) + I.E. → A+ (g) + e

Ionization Energy

Formation of gaseous anions

X(g) + e → X- (g) + E.A

Electron Affinity

Packing of ions of opposite charges to form ionic solids

A+ (g) + X- (g) →AX (s) +Energy

Lattice energy

Conditions required of formation of ionic bonds:

Low I.E of cation.

High E.A of anion.

High lattice energy.

Covalent Bonding:
Covalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons.

Electron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs.

Electron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs.

There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements depending on the number of electrons being shared.

VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory:
The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron pairs present in the valence shell.

Order of the repulsion: Lone pair Lone pair > Lone pair Bond pair > Bond pair Bond pair.

Repulsion among the bond pairs is directly proportional to the bond order and electronegativity difference between the central atom and the other atoms.
https://t.me/FCI_AGRI_EXAM Open / Comment

2021-04-02 08:56:14 #FCI #AFO #NABARD #GENETICS

Inheritance and Variation

Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

(1) Mendelism means experiments performed by Mendel on genetics.

(2) Mendel’s experiment involved 4 steps as selection, hybridization, selfing and calculations. His results led to the formation of laws of genetics later.

(3) Mendel performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and gave three principles of inheritance.

(4) Mendel’s three principles of inheritance are:
(i) Law of dominance
(ii) Law of segregation or law of purity of gametes
(iii) Law of independent assortment

(5) Law of Dominance: The dominant characters are expressed when factors are in heterozygous condition.

(6) The recessive characters are only expressed in homozygous conditions. The characters never blend in heterozygous condition. A recessive character that was not expressed in heterozygous condition may be expressed again when it becomes homozygous.

(7) Law/Principle of segregation states that when a pair of contrasting factor or gene is brought together in a hybrid, these factors do not blend or mix up but simply associate themselves and remain together and separate at the time of gamete formation.

(8) Principle of independent assortment states that genes of different characters located in different pairs of chromosomes are independent of one another in this segregation during gamete formation.

(9) Test Cross: A cross between F1 hybrid (Aa) and its homozygous recessive parent (aa) is called Test Cross. This cross is called test cross because it helps to find out whether the given dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.

(10) Monohybrid cross: When we consider the inheritance of one character at a time in a cross, this is called monohybrid cross.

(11) Dihybrid Cross: A cross made to study the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits.

https://t.me/FCI_AGRI_EXAM Open / Comment

2021-04-02 06:04:31 Revision Notes on Inheritance and Variation

Numerical aberrations of chromosomes:
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosome. Variations or numerical changes in chromosomes (Heteroploidy) can be mainly of two types:

(1) Euploidy: The somatic chromosome number in euploids is the exact multiple of basic haploid number. In euploidy an organism acquires an additional set of chromosomes over and above the diploid complement.

(a) Monoploidy or haploidy: Monoploids possess only one set or single basic set of chromosomes. Haploids on the other hand have half the somatic chromosome number. In diploid organisms monoploids and haploids are identical while in a tetra-or hexaploid with 4n or 6n chromosomes the haploids will possess 2n or 3n chromosome whereas its monoploid will possess only one set (n) of chromosome.
(b) Diploidy: The common chromosome number in the somatic cells of plants and animals.
(c) Polyploidy: Organism with more than two sets of chromosomes are known as polyploids. It may be triploid with three sets of chromosomes (3n) or tetraploid with four sets of chromosome (4n) and so on.

(2) Aneuploidy: Aneuploidy is the term applied for the chromosomal mutations involving only a part of a set, i.e., loss (hypoploidy) or addition (hyperploidy) of one or more chromosomes. Aneuploidy may result from non disjunction of chromosome during cell division.
(a) Monosomy: Diploid organism that are missing one chromosome of a single pair with genomic formula 2n – 1. Monosomics can form two kinds of gametes, (n) and (n –1).
(b) Nullisomy: An organism that has lost a chromsome pair is nullisomic. The result is usually lethal to diploids (2n – 2).
(c) Trisomy: Diploids which have extra chromosome represented by the chromosomal formula 2n + 1. One of the pairs of chromosomes has an extra member, so that a trivalent may be formed during meiotic prophase.
(d) Tetrasomy: In tetrasomic individual particular chromosome of the haploid set is represented four times in a diploid chromosomal complement. The general chromosomal formula for tetrasomics is 2n + 2 rather than 2n + 1+ 1. The formula 2n + 1 + 1 represents a double trisomic.

Types of aneuploidy: Aneuploidy may be of following types on the basis of chromosomes involved in non disjunction.

(a) Aneuploidy involving non-disjunction in sex chromosomes: This kind of aneuploidy is brought about due to non-disjunction in sex chromosomes. It may lead to following types of syndromes:

(1) Turner’s syndrome: Such persons are monosomic for sex chromosomes i.e. possess only one X and no Y chromosome (XO). In other words they have chromosome number 2n – 1 = 45. They are phenotypic females but are sterile because they have under developed reproductive organs. They are dwarf about 4 feet 10 inches and are flat chested with wide spread nipples of mammary glands which never enlarge like those in normal woman. They develop as normal female in childhood but at adolescence their ovaries remain under developed. They lack female hormone estrogen. About one out of every 5,000 female births results in Turner’s syndrome. Open / Comment