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2021-03-24 10:09:02 Open / Comment

2021-03-23 14:32:31 There are Five Systems of Plantings
1. Rectangular system
2. Square system – all over India it is adopted
3. Diagonal system or Quinounx
4. Hexagonal System
5. Contour system

(1) Rectangular system : In this method trees are planted in a straight line (row) giving a straight angle only. It is suitable for grapes in Maharashtra.

(2) Square system : In this method a tree is planted on each corner of square. Intercultivation in both way is easy in this method. Plant to plant and row to row distance is same.

(3) Diagonal system : In this method at the centre of each square a tree is planted (filler tree).

(4) Hexagonal system : Also known as triangular system In this system the trees are planted in each corner of an equilateral triangle system ways, the six trees form a
hexagon with he seventh tree in the centre. This system allows planting of 15% more trees than square system.

(5) Contour system : It is usually followed on the hills with high slopes. In this method trees are planted across the slopes. Contour Trencher are dug out across he slopes and trees are planted. The points having same altitude are connected together by a line & the trees are given spacing on this line. This retards he ill effects of erosion.


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2021-03-23 07:20:37 #Entomology

Based on the number and location of functional spiracles respiratory
system is classified as follows.
1. Holopneustic:10 pairs, 2 in thorax and 8 in abdomen. e.g.grasshopper.

2. Hemipneustic: Out of 10 pairs, one or two non-functional.

3. Peripneustic: 9 pairs - 1 in thorax 8 in abdomen e.g. Caterpillar.

4. Amphipneustic 2 pairs - One anterior, one posterior, e.g. maggot.

5. Propneustic: 1 pair -anterior pair e.g. Puparium.

6. Metapneustic: 1 pair - posterior pair e.g.Wriggler.

7. Hypopneustic:10 pairs - 7 functional (1 thorax + 6 abdominal), 3 non
functional. e.g. head louse.

8. Apneustic: All spiracles closed, closed tracheal system e.g. naiad of may fly. Open / Comment

2021-03-23 04:11:08 #potato #agrinews #agriculture #indian_agriculture #farmersscheme #farmers #agriexams #agricultureexamslibrary #agronomystudent #horticulture #agronomy #soil_science #icar #icarjrf #farmersprotest #farmers #entomology
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2021-03-22 17:23:36 cost of production full concept Open / Comment

2021-03-22 16:04:03 1 How much space is required for egg poultry is? 2sq.ft

2 Starter feed contains maximum of? Protein

3 Most dangerous disease of chicken is? Ranikhet

4 Which disease spread through virus in cattle is? Foot and Mouth disease

5 Anthrax is caused by ? Bacteria

6 Severe bloat is removed by tools? Trocar cannula

7 Which is the best method of milking? Full hand method

8 What is the boiling point of milk (in Celsius) is? >100

9 milk is converted into dahi is due to - lactobaccillus

10 Which harmone helps in let down of milk? Oxytocin

11 Milk sugar is also known by the name of? Lactose

12 What is the percentage of water in buffalo milk is? 83 %

13 dual purpose breed of cow was- kankrej

14 Specific gravity of milk is measured by? Lactometer

15 What is the maximum fat percent in ghee is? 99%

16) bikaneri is the breed of - sheep

17) Anthrax is also called as - splenic fever

18) which state has largest number of poultry - Andhra Pradesh

19) state which is first in egg production - Tamil Nadu

20) castration in pig is done at the age of - 4-6 weeks

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2021-03-22 06:21:05 #soil_science #nutrients #afo #nabard #fci #rrb_afo


Essential and Beneficial elements:
A) Essential elements
- Which involved in plant metabolic functions
- Plant cannot complete its life cycle without them i.e essential element”.
- There are seventeen essential elements required for plant growth.
C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl, Ni.

Classification of Essential Elements
Based on the amount required by the plant:
i) Primary or major nutrients:
-Required relatively in large quantities by the plants for its growth and development.
-Ex: N, P, K.
ii) Secondary nutrients:
-Required in moderate amounts
- given secondary importance in its supply and management.
Ex: Ca, Mg , S.

Micronutrients:
-Utilized by plants relatively in smaller quantities for their growth and development
but these are equally important & essential to plants .
Ex: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl , Ni.
Note:- Macro nutrients are absorbed in 30-100 times in proportion to that of micronutrients .
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b) Classification based on the role of element in plant system:
(According to TRUOG, 1954)
i) Structural Elements : C, H, O
ii) Accessory structural elements : N. P. S
iii) Regulator & Carriers : K, Ca, Mg
iv) Catalyst & Activators : Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cl, B

B) Beneficial Nutrients/Elements:
-mineral that stimulate the growth
-exhibit beneficial effects at very low concentration.
- They may essential for certain plants species or under specific condition.
Eg. Na,Va,Co,Si
Note:- When plant materials is burned, the remaining plant ash contains all the essential and non-essential elements except C, H, O, N, S.

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2021-03-21 14:57:00 Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum support prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). Open / Comment

2021-03-21 12:19:27 SOIL PROFILE
The vertical section of the soil showing the various layers from the surface unaffected parent material is known as a soil profile.

The various layers are known as horizons. A soil profile contains three main horizons.

They are named as horizon A, horizon B and horizon C.

The surface layer of soil which is liable to leaching and from which some soil constituents have been removed is known as horizon A or the horizon of eluviation.

The intermediate layer in which the materials leached from horizon A have been re-deposited is known as horizon B or the horizon of illuviation.

The parent material from which the soil is formed is known as horizon C.

The layers resulting from the soil forming process are grouped under five heads: O, A, E,B & C and all these horizons in combination are called master horizons.

Horizon A, E & B together called Solum.

Regolith- The unconsolidated product of rock by weathering above the earth's surface i.e. bed rock (A+B+C horizon).

O-horizon:
It is called as organic horizon. It is formed in the upper part of the mineral soil, dominated by fresh or partly decomposed organic materials.
It is generally found in forest areas.
Such O-horizon is visible in virgin soil and absent in arable soils.

A-horizon:
Horizon of organic matter accumulation adjacent to surface and that has lost clay, iron and aluminium (Eluvial horizon).

A-horizon having sub horizons:

A1: It is top most mineral horizon, containing strong admixture of humified organic matter and darker in colour than that of lower horizons due to organic matter.

E or A2: Horizon of maximum eluviation of clay, iron and aluminum oxides and organic matter.

A3: A transitional layer between A and B horizons with more dominated properties of A1 or A2 above than the underlying B horizon. This horizon is sometimes absent.

B-horizon:
Horizon of maximum accumulation of materials such as clay, iron and aluminium oxide (Illuvial horizon).
This horizon some time also referred to as subsoil.
It can't be cultivated by tillage operation.

C-horizon:
It is unconsolidated material underlying the solum (A+B).
It is zone of least weathering.
It may contain accumulation of carbonates or sulphates, calcium and magnesium.

R- Horizon:
Underlying consolidated bed rock and it may or may not be like the parent rock from which the solum is formed.

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2021-03-21 05:04:01 National Livestock Mission
National Livestock Mission is an initiative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare. The mission, which commenced from 2014-15, has the objective of sustainable development of the livestock sector.

NABARD is the subsidy channelizing agency under Entrepreneurship Development & Employment Generation (EDEG) component of National Livestock Mission.

This includes:
Poultry Venture Capital Fund (PVCF)
Integrated Development of Small Ruminants and Rabbit (IDSRR)
Pig Development (PD)
Salvaging and Rearing of Male Buffalo Calves (SRMBC) Open / Comment