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2022-09-13 15:57:30 What is hygiene?

Hygiene can be defined as:

a science of the establishment and maintenance of health,

and

the practices of keeping yourself and your surroundings clean, especially in order to prevent illness or the spread of diseases.

The word hygiene came to English from the French hygiène which in turn came from the New Latin hygieina and before that the Greek hygieinḕ(téchnē) or healthful (art). Ultimately though, at the end of the etymology trail, is Hygieia, daughter of Asclepius (the god of medicine) and goddess of cleanliness and sanitation. The Greek adjective was used by Aristotle as a noun meaning "health."

Since the arrival of the Industrial Revolution (c.1750-1850) and the discovery of the germ theory of disease in the second half of the nineteenth century, hygiene has been at the forefront of the struggle against illness and disease.

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2022-09-10 06:30:00 Who manages the periodic table and what are its newest elements?

Today, the periodic table is managed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC (eye-you-pack), responsible for deciding what needs to be changed based on specially created critera.

The last four elements to be discovered were officially recognized by the IUPAC in January, 2016: they are nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og), with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118, respectively.

Looking back in history, it’s worthy to note that ancient people knew about 10 elements: carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc.

Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth were discovered prior to 1500 AD, while phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were discovered by 1750.

Most natural elements were found by 1900.

Technetium became the first synthetic element in 1937.

The first transuranium element to be discovered (neptunium) was found in 1940.

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2022-09-09 12:04:31 How does Mendeleev’s version of the periodic table differ from the modern one?

While the first edition of Mendeleev’s table contained 63 elements, the current periodic tables include 118 elements.

Mendeleev used the horizontal format in his versions, and now chemical 'groups' are shown vertically.

Mendeleev's periodic table is based on atomic mass while today's periodic tables are arranged by increasing atomic numbers.

Mendeleev placed transition elements together with other elements, and the modern periodic table shows these elements in a separate block.

Not discovered at that time noble gases were not placed by Mendeleev in his table, but nowadays these elements are in a separate group named Group-18.

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2022-09-08 07:30:01 What is the other name of the periodic table of elements?

It is also called Mendeleev’s periodic table after the name of a prolific Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) .

In 1869 Mendeleev published an article, in which presented his first version of a table containing then known elements arranged in order of relative atomic mass.

He also noticed that there were plenty of gaps in the table and exceptions to the emerging patterns, and predicted that there were elements that existed but simply hadn’t yet been discovered.

Confirmed in later years, those predictions made Mendeleev’s theory even more valuable.

For example, when the element that should fit below aluminum in his table was discovered in 1875 and called gallium, its properties were found to be very close to Mendeleev's calculations.

Important scientific contributions that helped Mendeleev were also made by Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, John Newlands, Julius Lothar Meyer.

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2022-09-06 18:44:06 How do different branches of chemistry benefit society?

Analytical chemistry enables scientists to characterize many different properties of chemicals, and, for example, helps food companies make tastier frozen dinners by detecting how chemicals in food change when they are frozen over time. it is also used to monitor the health of the environment by measuring chemicals in water or soil.

Biochemistry helped researchers to map out the human genome and to understand what different proteins do in the body and develop cures for many diseases.

Inorganic chemistry is used to create a variety of products, including paints, fertilizers and sunscreens.

Organic chemistry is used in many applications, such as biotechnology, the petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals and plastics.

Physical chemistry is important for product development, and may study how certain materials, such as plastic, may react with chemicals the material is designed to come in contact with.

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2022-09-05 17:59:54 What are the main branches of chemistry?

Experts often divide chemistry into main branches.

Analytical chemistry involves the analysis of chemicals, and includes qualitative methods like looking at color changes, as well as quantitative methods like examining the exact wavelength(s) of light that a chemical absorbed to result in that color change.

Biochemistry uses chemistry techniques to understand how biological systems work at a chemical level.

Inorganic chemistry studies the chemical compounds in inorganic, or non-living things such as minerals and metals.

Organic chemistry deals with chemical compounds that contain carbon, an element considered essential to life.

Physical chemistry uses concepts from physics to understand how chemistry works. For example, figuring out how atoms move and interact with each other, or why some liquids, including water, turn into vapor at high temperatures.

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2022-09-03 19:06:16 What are the main building blocks in chemistry?

These are the chemical elements - substances made of a single atom.

Each chemical is unique, composed of a set number of protons, neutrons and electrons, and is identified by a name and a chemical symbol, such as "C" for carbon.

The elements that scientists have discovered so far are listed in the periodic table of elements, and include both elements that are found in nature like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, as well as those that are manmade, like Lawrencium.

Chemical elements can bond together to form chemical compounds, which are substances made up of multiple elements, like carbon dioxide (CO2 - one carbon atom connected to two oxygen atoms), or multiple atoms of a single element, like oxygen gas (O2 - two oxygen atoms connected together). These chemical compounds can then bond with other compounds or elements to form countless other substances and materials.

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2022-09-02 19:11:23 What is chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of matter, defined as anything that has mass and takes up space, and the changes that matter can undergo when it is subject to different environments and conditions.

Chemistry seeks to understand not only the properties of matter, like the mass or composition of a chemical element, but also how and why matter undergoes certain changes — whether something transformed because it combined with another substance, froze because it was left for two weeks in a freezer, or changed colors because it was exposed to too much sunlight.

The reason why chemistry has to do with everything we do is that almost everything in existence can be broken down into chemical building blocks.

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2022-09-01 21:03:08 What is the most powerful bird of prey?

Although the harpy eagle only weighs between 6 and 9 kg (13 to 20 lb), it is considered the world’s most powerful bird of prey.

In terms of body length, the harpy eagle measures about 1 meter (up to 42 inches) and has a wingspan of about 2 meters (up to 88 inches).

The harpy eagle’s legs and talons are the thickest and largest of any bird of prey.

This extraordinary physical characteristic means that it won’t settle for small animals. Instead, it focuses more on mammals like sloths and monkeys .

With its deadly talons, the harpy eagle can carry prey as heavy as its weight.

Smaller males have mostly been recorded to carry about half their weight or medium-sized prey.

But an adult female harpy, which is almost twice bigger then males, can snatch animal like sloths and monkeys weighing 5-9 kg from trees and continue its flight without landing.

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2022-08-31 06:30:00 Can the largest living flying birds carry a human?

Although in some books or movies one can find stories about a big flying bird picking up a human, such a scene has nothing to do with the reality.

Neither condors nor other big eagles cannot in fact lift an adult person or even a child.

As a rough estimate by scientists, a bird of prey can carry half its body weight.

An Andean condor weighing up to 15 kilos can in theory carry an object that weights no more than 7,5 kilos, or even less.

Eagles with the greatest weight-carrying capacity are the bald eagle, the Philippines eagle, the harpy eagle, and the crowned eagle.

The heaviest recorded weight a bird can lift is 6,8 kg (15 lb), held by the bald eagle for lifting a mule deer fawn of the said weight.

In theory, it would take ten bald eagles to lift an adult human that weighs about 70 kg.

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