HI

2021-09-28 14:18:05 BORON:
•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer
•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.

NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule.

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2021-09-28 13:49:27 Daily 7:00 PM class | Monday to Friday | Theory + Tricks + Question practice of every chapter for NEET 2023.

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2021-09-27 19:23:02 Some Important Increasing Order :

1. Bond Angle :

(i) CH4 , C2H4 , C2H2
(ii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , CO2
(iii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , BH3
(iv) NO2—, NO2 , NO2+
(v) H2Se, H2S, H2O
(vi) AsH3 , PH3 , NH3
(vii) PF3 , PCl3 , PBr3 , PI3
(viii) NF3 , NCl3
(ix) NF3 , NH3 , NCl3
(x) OF2 , OH2 , Cl2O

2. Melting Point :

(i) Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li
(ii) Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, Be
(iii) CaI2 , CaBr2 , CaCl2 , CaF2
(iv) BeCl2 , MgCl2 , CaCl2 , SrCl2 , BaCl2
(v) NaI, NaBr, NaCl, NaF
(vi) CsCl, RbCl, KCl, NaCl
(vii) AlCl3 , MgCl2 , NaCl

3.Boiling Point :

(i) PH3 , AsH3 , NH3 , SbH3
(ii) H2S, H2Se, H2O
(iii) HCl, HBr, HI, HF
(iv) NH3 , HF, H2O
(v) He, Ne, Ar, Kr
(vi) H2O, D2O
(vii) H2 , Cl2 , Br2

4.Dipole moments :

(i) CCl4 , CHCl3 , CH2Cl2 ,CH3Cl
(ii) NF3 , NH3 , H2O, HF
(iii) Cis-chloropropene, Trans-chloropropene
(iv) p, m, o-dichlorobenzene
(v) CH3I, CH3Br, CH3F, CH3Cl
(vi) NH3 , SO2 , H2O, HF
(vii) H2S, H2O
(viii) HI, HBr, HCl, HF
(ix) PH3 , ASH3 , SbH3 , NH3
(x) H2O, H2O2


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2021-09-27 18:17:11 Doubtnut ke Study Channels par ab sirf Instant doubt solving hi nahi
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2021-09-27 15:27:55 Comment ur ans Open / Comment

2021-09-27 14:54:28 Notes on Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
There are following respiratory volumes and capacity:

(i) Tidal volume (TV): It is volume of air normally inspired or expired in one breath (i.e. inspiration and expiration) without any extra effort. It is about 500 ml in normal healthy adult. In infants it is 15 ml and in fetus it is 0 ml.

(ii) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) : By taking a very deep breath, you can inspire a good deal more than 500 ml. This additional inhaled air, called IRV is about 3000 ml.

(iii) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) : If you inhale normally & then exhale as forcibly as possible, you should be able to push out 1200 ml of air in addition to 500ml. of T.V. The extra 1200 ml is called ERV.

(iv) Residual volume (RV): Even after expiratory reserve volume is expelled, considerable air remains in the lung, this volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, and it is called residual volume is about 1200 ml.

(v) Dead space: Portion of tracheobronchial tree where gaseous exchange does not occur is called dead space. It is also called conductive zone. Dead space is 150 ml.

(vi) Functional residual capacity (FRC): It is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration. It is about 2300 ml.

FRC = ERV + RV
= 1100 + 1200
= 2300 ml.

(vii) Vital capacity (VC): This is the maximum amount of air that can be expired forcefully from his lungs after first filling these with a maximum deep inspiration. It is about 4600 ml.

VC = IRV + TV + ERV
= 3000+500+1100 = 4600 ml.

(viii) Total lung capacity (TLC): TLC is the sum of vital capacity (VC) and residual volume (RV). It is about 5800ml.

TLC = VC + RV
= 4600 + 1200 = 5800 ml.

(ix) Inspiratory capacity (IC): It is the total amount of air a person can inspire by maximum distension of his lungs.
I.C. = TV + IRV
= 500 + 3000 = 3500 ml

Process of Respiration
The process of respiration is completed in 4 steps:

Breathing or ventilation

Exchange of gases or External respiration

Transport of gases

Cellular respiration

Ventilation or breathing:
Breathing is movement of thorax, expansion (inflation) and deflation of lungs and flow of air into the lungs and from the lungs. It is extracellular, energy consuming and physical process. Sum of inspiration and expiration is called respiratory movement.
There are two steps of breathing:

Inspiration: Intake of fresh air in lungs from outside. It is an active process. Blood pressure increases during later part of respiration.

Expiration: Out flow of the air from the lungs is called expiration. When expiration occurs, the inspiratory muscles relax. As the external intercostal relax, ribs move inferiorly and as the diaphragm relaxes, its dome moves superiorly owing to its elasticity. Open / Comment

2021-09-27 14:18:48 Are you looking for NEET Biology Chapter-wise weighta

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2021-09-27 11:24:12 D & F BLOCK SHORT NOTES

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2021-09-27 08:04:27 Notes on Coordination Compounds


Ligands: an ion or molecule capable of donating a pair of electrons to the central atom via a donor atom.

Unidentate ligands: Ligands with only one donor atom, e.g. NH3, Cl-, F- etc.
Bidentate ligands: Ligands with two donor atoms, e.g. ethylenediamine, C2O42-(oxalate ion) etc.
Tridentate ligands: Ligands which have three donor atoms per ligand, e.g. (dien) diethyl triamine.
Hexadentate ligands: Ligands which have six donor atoms per ligand, e.g. EDTA.

Chelating Ligands:

Multidentate ligand simultaneously coordinating to a metal ion through more than one site is called chelating ligand. Example: Ethylenediamine (NH2CH2CH2NH2)
These ligands produce a ring like structure called chelate.
Chelation increases the stability of complex.

Werner’s Theory:

Metals possess two types of valencies i.e. primary (ionizable) valency and secondary (nonionizable) valency.
Secondary valency of a metal is equal to the number of ligands attached to it i.e. coordination number.
Primary valencies are satisfied by negative ions, while secondary valencies may be satisfied by neutral, negative or positive ions.

Secondary valencies have a fixed orientation around the metal in space.

[Co(NH3)6]Cl3

Primary Valencies = 3 Cl-

Secondary Valencies = 6 NH3

Coordination Sphere = [Co(NH3)6]3-


Nomenclature of Complexes:

Positive ion is named first followed by negative ion.
Negative ligands are named by adding suffix - o.
Positive ligands are named by adding prefix – ium.
Neutral ligands are named as such without adding any suffix or prefix.
Ligands are named in alphabetical order.
Name of the ligands is written first followed by name of metal with its oxidation number mentioned in roman numbers in simple parenthesis.
Number of the polysyllabic ligands i.e. ligands which have numbers in their name, is indicated by prefixes bis, tris etc,
Number and name of solvent of crystallization if any, present in the complex is written in the end of the name of complex.
When both cation and anion are complex ions, the metal in negative complex is named by adding suffix-ate.

In case of bridging ligands:
[Name of the groups to the left of bridging ligand (Oxidation state)] –μ – [Name of the groups to the right of bridging ligand (Oxidation state)] – [Name of negative ion]

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