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2021-09-25 14:17:33 Daily 7:00 PM class | Monday - Friday | Theory + Tricks + Question practice of every chapter for NEET 2023.
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2021-09-25 12:28:28 CHEMICAL KINETICS SHORT NOTES

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2021-09-25 10:35:04 CIRCULAR MOTION HANDWRITTEN NOTES


𝐊𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 & 𝐤𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠

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2021-09-24 19:39:13 Notes on Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
There are following respiratory volumes and capacity:

(i) Tidal volume (TV): It is volume of air normally inspired or expired in one breath (i.e. inspiration and expiration) without any extra effort. It is about 500 ml in normal healthy adult. In infants it is 15 ml and in fetus it is 0 ml.

(ii) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) : By taking a very deep breath, you can inspire a good deal more than 500 ml. This additional inhaled air, called IRV is about 3000 ml.

(iii) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) : If you inhale normally & then exhale as forcibly as possible, you should be able to push out 1200 ml of air in addition to 500ml. of T.V. The extra 1200 ml is called ERV.

(iv) Residual volume (RV): Even after expiratory reserve volume is expelled, considerable air remains in the lung, this volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, and it is called residual volume is about 1200 ml.

(v) Dead space: Portion of tracheobronchial tree where gaseous exchange does not occur is called dead space. It is also called conductive zone. Dead space is 150 ml.

(vi) Functional residual capacity (FRC): It is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration. It is about 2300 ml.

FRC = ERV + RV
= 1100 + 1200
= 2300 ml.

(vii) Vital capacity (VC): This is the maximum amount of air that can be expired forcefully from his lungs after first filling these with a maximum deep inspiration. It is about 4600 ml.

VC = IRV + TV + ERV
= 3000+500+1100 = 4600 ml.

(viii) Total lung capacity (TLC): TLC is the sum of vital capacity (VC) and residual volume (RV). It is about 5800ml.

TLC = VC + RV
= 4600 + 1200 = 5800 ml.

(ix) Inspiratory capacity (IC): It is the total amount of air a person can inspire by maximum distension of his lungs.
I.C. = TV + IRV
= 500 + 3000 = 3500 ml

Process of Respiration
The process of respiration is completed in 4 steps:

Breathing or ventilation

Exchange of gases or External respiration

Transport of gases

Cellular respiration

Ventilation or breathing:
Breathing is movement of thorax, expansion (inflation) and deflation of lungs and flow of air into the lungs and from the lungs. It is extracellular, energy consuming and physical process. Sum of inspiration and expiration is called respiratory movement.
There are two steps of breathing:

Inspiration: Intake of fresh air in lungs from outside. It is an active process. Blood pressure increases during later part of respiration.

Expiration: Out flow of the air from the lungs is called expiration. When expiration occurs, the inspiratory muscles relax. As the external intercostal relax, ribs move inferiorly and as the diaphragm relaxes, its dome moves superiorly owing to its elasticity.

━──━─❖─━──━─ ◎

───※ ·❆· ※──*─

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2021-09-24 18:35:27 Doubtnut ke Study Channels par ab sirf Instant doubt solving hi nahi
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2021-09-24 16:12:46 Chemical Properties of Alkali Earth Metals:



1. Reaction with water :

Mg + H2O → MgO + H2

or, Mg + 2H2O → Mg (OH)2 + H2

Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

2. Formation of oxides and nitrides

Be + O2 (air) +Δ→ 2BeO

3Be + N2 (air) +Δ → Be3N2

Mg + air + Δ → MgO + Ng3N2

3. Formation of Nitrides

3M + N2 + Δ → M3N2

Be3N2 + Δ → 3Be + N2

Ba3N2 + 6H2O + Δ → 3Ba (OH)2 + 2NH3

Ca3N2 + 6H2O + Δ → 3Ca (OH)2 + 2NH3

4. Reaction with hydrogen:

M + H2 + Δ → MH2

Both BeH2 and MgH2 are covalent compounds having polymeric structures in which H – atoms between beryllium atoms are held together by three
centre – two electron (3C - 2e) bonds as shown below:

5. Reaction with carbon – (Formation of carbides)

When BeO is heated with carbon at 2175 – 2275 K a brick red coloured carbide of the formula Be2C is formed

2BeO +2C \xrightarrow[]{2175 - 2275 K}Be_2C +2CO

It is a covalent compound and react water forming methane.

Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be (OH)2 + CH4

6. Reaction with Ammonia:

Like alkali metal, the alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue black solution from which ammoniates [ M (NH3)6 ]2+ can be recovered.

Anamolous Behaviour of Beryllium:
Be is harder than other members of its group.

Be is lighter than Mg.

Its melting and boiling points are higher than those of Mg & other members.

Be does not react with water while Mg reacts with boiling water.

BeO is amphoteric while MgO is weakly basic.

Be forms covalent compounds whereas other members form ionic compounds.

Beryllium carbide reacts with water to give methane whereas carbides of other alkaline earth metals gives acetylene gas.

Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be (OH)2 + CH4

Mg2C2 + 2H2O → Mg (OH)2 + C2H2

CaC2 + 2H2O → Ca (OH)2 + C2H2

Beryllium does not exhibit coordination number more than four as it has four orbitals in the valence shell. The other members of this group has coordination number

Diagonal relationship of Be with Al:
Unlike groups – 2 elements but like aluminium, beryllium forms covalent compounds.

The hydroxides of Be, [Be(OH)2] and aluminium [Al(OH)3] are amphoteric in nature, whereas those of other elements of group – 2 are basic in nature.

The oxides of both Be and Al i.e. BeO and Al2O3 are high melting insoluble solids.

BeCl2 and AlCl3 have bridged chloride polymeric structure.

The salts of beryllium as well as aluminium are extensively hydrolysed.

Carbides of both the metal reacts with water liberating methane gas.

Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be (OH)2 + CH4

AI4C3 + 12H2O → 4Al (OH)3 + 3CH4

The oxides and hydroxides of both Be and Al are amphoteric and dissolve in sodium hydroxide as well as in hydrochloric acid.
BeO + 2HCI → BeCI2 + H2O

BeO + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2 + H2O

Al2O3 + 6HCI → 2AICI3 + H2O

AI2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAIO2 + H2O

Like Al, Be is not readily attacked by acids because of the presence of an oxide film.
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3):
It occurs in nature as marble, limestone, chalk, coral, calcite, etc. It is prepared as a white powder, known as precipitated chalk, by dissolving marble or limestone in hydrochloric acid and removing iron and aluminium present by precipitating with NH3, and then adding ammonium carbonate to the solution; the precipitate is filtered, washed and dried.

CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 →CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl
It dissolves in water containing CO2, forming Ca(HCO3)2 but is precipitated from solution by boiling.

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 Open / Comment

2021-09-24 15:17:54 Daily 7:00 PM class | Monday to Friday | Theory + Tricks + Question practice of every chapter for NEET 2023

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JOIN Biological Classification Class at 7



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2021-09-24 08:25:27 kya hai aapka answer jaroor bataiyega
COMMENTS MEIN Open / Comment

2021-09-24 07:00:07 Summary of developmental stages in human :

After one month of pregnancy, the embryo's heart is formed.

By the end of the second month of pregnancy the foetus develops limbs and digits.

By the end of 12 weeks (First trimester), most of the major organ system use formed.

The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head are usually observed during the fifth month.

By the end of 24 weeks (Second trimester), the body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids separate and eye lashes are formed.

By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.

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