NEET PG/NEXT (MCQs)

2021-08-27 18:14:02 Explanation

Conditions and Pathogens
• Pathogens (Clostridium) for gas gangrene: CI. perfringens/welchii, CI. septicum and CI. novyi.
• Pathogens (Clostridium) for tetanus: CI. tetani
• Pathogens (Clostridium) for food poisoning: CI. perfringens type A, CI. perfringens type C and CI. botulinum
• Pathogens (Clostridium) for acute colitis: CI. difficile. Open / Comment

2021-08-26 18:14:02 Explanation

• Pre Botzinger complex generates the rhythm for automated breathing.
• These are also known as pacemaker cells located in the medulla
• These are the first set of neurons which initiate inspiration
• These neurons discharge rhythmically, and they product rhythmic discharges in the phrenic motor neurons. Open / Comment

2021-08-25 18:04:02 Explanation

Stridor is a noisy respiration produced by turbulent airflow through the narrowed air passages. It may be heard during inspiration, expiration or both.
• Inspiratory stridor is often produced in obstructive lesions of supraglottis or pharynx (eg, laryngomalacia or retropharyngeal abscess)
• Expiratory stridor is produced in lesions of thoracic trachea, primary and secondary bronchi (eg. Bronchial foreign body and tracheal stenosis)
• Biphasic stridor is seen in lesions of the glottis, subglottis and cervical trachea (Eg, laryngeal papilloma, vocal cord paralysis and subglottic stenosis) Open / Comment

2021-08-24 17:57:02 Explanation

• Trigger finger is caused by stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor sheath. There is nodular or fusiform swelling on the flexor tendon.
• When the finger is flexed or extended, the nodular swelling passes through the A1 pulley with a snap, leading to triggering effect.
• The nodule can be trapped behind the A1 pulley leading to locking of the finger in flexion.
• Surgical treatment involves the release of A1 pulley, which is thickened and fibrosed. Open / Comment

2021-08-23 17:54:02 Explanation

• A urinalysis that is positive for blood does not distinguish between myoglobin and hemoglobin. A microscopic urine exam is necessary for definitive diagnosis.
• In a patient with myoglobinuria, a microscopic evaluation will fail to show the presence of RBC casts or intact RBCs.
• Gross myoglobinuria can lead to an abnormal coloration of the urine and is typically described as ‘Cola colored’.
• Hematuria and renal cell carcinoma would be expected to produce urine analysis and microscopic exam that are positive for RBCs, whereas nephritic syndrome would be expected to have RBC casts. Open / Comment