UPSC ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE TECH GS3

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2022-02-08 18:44:01 Stone leprosy

Due to atmospheric pollution rainfall is made so acidic which causes harm to the environment and the main cause is due to industrial burning of fuels that contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides which combine with water and form the acid. The acid rain which causes damages to rocks and marbles is called as stone leprosy

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2022-02-08 18:44:01 Ecocline

Ecocline is a zone of gradual but continuous change from one ecosystem to another when there is no sharp boundary between the two in terms of species composition.

Ecocline occurs across the environmental gradient (gradual change in abiotic factors such as altitude, temperature (thermocline), salinity (halocline), depth, etc.).

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2022-02-08 18:44:01 Characteristics of Ecotone

It may be narrow (between grassland and forest) or wide (between forest and desert).

It has conditions intermediate to the adjacent ecosystems. Hence it is a zone of tension.

Usually, the number and the population density of the species of an outgoing community decreases as we move away from the community or ecosystem.

A well-developed ecotone contains some organisms which are entirely different from that of the adjoining communities

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2022-02-08 18:44:01 Ecotone

An ecotone is a transition area between two biological communities,where two communities meet and integrate.

It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).

An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two communities across a broad area, or it may manifest itself as a sharp boundary line.

For e.g. the mangrove forests represent an ecotone between marine and terrestrial ecosystem. Other examples are grassland (between forest and desert), estuary (between fresh water and salt water) and riverbank or marshland (between dry and wet).

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2022-02-08 18:44:01 Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.

Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts.


Every factor in an ecosystem depends on every other factor, either directly or indirectly. A change in the temperature of an ecosystem will often affect what plants will grow there, for instance.

Animals that depend on plants for food and shelter will have to adapt to the changes, move to another ecosystem, or perish.

Ecosystems can be very large or very small. Tide pools, the ponds left by the ocean as the tide goes out, are complete, tiny ecosystems. Tide pools contain seaweed, a kind of algae, which uses photosynthesis to create food. 

Herbivores such as abalone eat the seaweed. Carnivores such as sea stars eat other animals in the tide pool, such as clams or mussels. Tide pools depend on the changing level of ocean water.

Some organisms, such as seaweed, thrive in an aquatic environment, when the tide is in and the pool is full. Other organisms, such as hermit crabs, cannot live underwater and depend on the shallow pools left by low tides. In this way, the biotic parts of the ecosystem depend on abiotic factors

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2022-02-08 18:44:01 Ecology

- (from Greek: οἶκος, "house" and -λογία, "study of") is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment .

Ecology considers organisms at theindividual, population, community, ecosystems, and biosphere level.

Ecology overlaps with the closely related sciences of biogeography, evolutionary biology, genetics, ethology and natural history. Ecology is a branch of biology, and it is not synonymous with environmentalism.

Among other things, ecology is the study of:

-Life processes, interactions, and adaptations

-The movement of materials and energy through living communities

-The successional development of ecosystems

-Cooperation, competition and predation within and between species.

-The abundance, biomass, and distribution of organisms in the context of the environment.

-Patterns of biodiversity and its effect on ecosystem processes

Note - The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel,

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