IELTS articles

2021-02-15 15:07:16 "Even though there are pendants made of бобровых and bear teeth in the graves, the share of elk teeth in them is overwhelming," Mannermaa says.

Typically, only one or at the most a couple of different groove types were prevalent in individual graves. This indicates that the pendants found in a specific grave or cluster were the result of routine serial production of sorts carried out in a fairly short period of time.

The most common groove types were firm as well as quick and easy to make.

"Interestingly, the grooves were not always made on the broadest side of the tooth, which would be the easiest option. In many graves, the grooves are on the thin side of the tooth where the unstable position of the tooth makes them harder to do. The ремесленник may have прибегать к this method in order to tie them in a specific position," researcher Riitta Rainio notes.

The highest number of elk teeth were found in the graves of young adult women and men, the lowest in those of children and elderly people. In other words, elk tooth ornaments were in one way or another linked to age, possibly specifically to the peak reproductive years.

Elk was the most important animal in the ideology and beliefs of the prehistorical hunter-gatherers of the Eurasian forest zone, and their limited availability made elk teeth a valuable material to ancient hunters. Elks were not brought down very often, and not all members of the community contributed to hunting. It may be that a single individual was given all of the incisors of a caught elk.

Elks have a total of eight incisors, six permanent ones in the lower jaw and two permanent клыков in the shape of incisors. At times, corresponding молочных teeth were also processed into ornaments. The largest ornaments required the teeth of at least 8 to 18 elks.

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2021-02-09 13:26:01

277.Grooved - с желобками, рифлёный

278.To head - возглавлять

279.To process - обрабатывать

280.Instance - случай, пример, образец

281.Laborious - трудоемкий

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2021-02-09 13:25:38 A people of рифлёные elk tooth pendants

A study возглавляемое by archaeologist Kristiinah Mannermaa, University of Helsinki, aimed to determine who the people buried in outfits decorated with elk tooth ornaments were, and what the pendants meant to them. The study analyzed the manufacturing technique of a total of more than 4,000 tooth ornaments, or the way in which the teeth had been обработаны for attachment or suspension.

The results were surprising, as practically all of the teeth had been processed identically by making one or more small grooves at the tip of the root, which made tying the pendants easier. Only in two случаях, примерах had a small hole been made in the tooth for threading, both of which were found in the grave of the same woman. The tooth pendants found in graves located in the Baltic area and Scandinavia from the same period as the Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov graves are almost exclusively perforated.

Perforation is the surest way of fastening the pendant, but making holes in the narrow tip of a tooth is more трудоёмкое than grooving.

Archaeological and ethnographic research has shown that humans have been using decorations almost always and everywhere in the world, for several different purposes.

To many indigenous peoples in Eurasia, including the Sámi communities, decorations have been and still are an important way of describing a person's identity and origin. They are not only aesthetic details, but also connected to intercommunity communication and the strengthening of intracommunity uniformity.

External elements such as ornaments can also influence the names which neighboring groups use to refer to a community. In fact, Kristiina Mannermaa calls the people found in the burial site the people of grooved elk tooth pendants.

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2021-01-20 14:15:01

272.Pendant - подвеска

273.Prominent - выдающийся

274.Burial ground - могильник

275.Elk - лось

276.Incisor - [ɪnˈsaɪzə] - резец, передний зуб

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2021-01-20 14:13:50 Teeth подвески speak of the elk's выдающийся status in the Stone Age

Roughly 8,200 years ago, the island of Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov in Lake Onega in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, housed a large могильник where men, women and children of varying ages were buried. Many of the graves contain an abundance of objects and red ochre, signifying the wish to ensure the comfort of the buried also after death.

Pendants made of лось резцы were apparently attached to clothing and accessories, such as dresses, coats, cloaks, headdresses and belts. Although no clothing material has been preserved, the location of the elk teeth sheds light on the possible type of these outfits.

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2021-01-20 14:10:42 https://phys.org/news/2021-01-teeth-pendants-elk-prominent-status.html Open / Comment

2021-01-20 14:10:26 Article 14

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2021-01-12 13:18:22

268.To mint - чеканить (монету)

269.Currency - валюта, деньги

270.Ore - руда

271.To corrode - ржаветь, разъедать

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2021-01-12 13:18:10 According to Hannah Brown of the Jerusalem Post, the researchers were unable to determine the silver’s origins, but they identified the copper as the product of mines in the Timna area.

The findings, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, suggest the forgers most likely used local copper to make small amounts of silver money from previous periods last longer. As Aaron Kalman reported for the Times of Israel in 2013, radiocarbon dating has shown that the Timna copper mines were operational by around the tenth century B.C.

The scientists found the caches of counterfeit money in various locations across modern-day Israel, including the ancient cities of Beit She’an, Megiddo and Ashkelon. The amount of arsenic found in each piece was similar, hinting that the creation of the metal alloys was part of an organized counterfeiting effort.

Donald T. Ariel, the head of the Israel Antiquities Authority, tells the Times of Israel that отчеканенные coins were only used in the Levant as of the end of the seventh century B.C. Before that, people used “proto-coins”—broken pieces of jewelry or other metal fragments valued based on their weight.

This currency system is referenced in Genesis 23, which finds Abraham buying land for the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
“He weighed 400 shekels,” Ariel says. “There were no coins at the time. He weighed pieces of silver.”

The research indicates that the use of false silver continued after Egypt withdrew from Canaan, but the copper source changed from Timna to Faynan. Eshel tells Live Science that what began as forgery may have eventually become an accepted convention for creating валюты.

“I don’t think you can produce silver-copper-arsenic руду for over 250 years and that no one would notice, because it ржавеет [by turning green] over time,” she explains.

The researchers found that long-distance silver trade began again around 950 B.C., with supplies of the metal coming from Anatolia and the western Mediterranean. Starting around that time, currency was once again made out of pure silver.

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2020-12-28 14:51:32

262.Cache - [kæʃ] - тайник, схрон, тайный склад

263.To forge - подделывать, фальсифицировать

264.Scarce - недостаточный, скудный, дефицитный

265.Shortage - нехватка, дефицит

266.To reinforce - подкреплять, усиливать

267.Deliberate - преднамеренный, умышленный

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