IELTS articles

2022-02-15 19:51:44 "Thousands of years ago, these people already knew that quinoa was a superfood. They came up with this lucky triangle to meet their dietary needs in a pretty бесплодном environment, and we can learn something from them," said study senior author Christine Hastorf, a UC Berkeley professor of anthropology.

"Today, we're living under the cloud of climate change. Rising sea levels are drowning tiny Pacific islands, and droughts and wildfires are destroying California's crops," she added. "Our findings point to how ancient people successfully adjusted to environmental and political changes, поддерживаемые by a healthy Indigenous diet."

Through a передовые scientific process known as compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids, study lead author Melanie Miller analyzed human teeth from excavated burials on the southern shores of Lake Titicaca to reconstruct the ancient Andeans' diet. The remains date between 1400 B.C. and A.D. 1100.

"Our study documents dietary resilience across millennia in the face of long-term climate and political changes, and shows how studying past societies under these kinds of stressors can potentially help us in the future," said Miller, a research associate with UC Berkeley's Archaeological Research Facility and a postdoctoral учёный, занимающийся исследованиями at New Zealand's University of Otago.

The results challenge the assumption that fish from Lake Titicaca and corn, also known as maize, were major sources of dietary protein and fiber on the Taraco Peninsula, which выступает, выдаётся from the lake

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2022-02-07 11:51:04

402.Turmoil - суматоха, беспорядок, смятение

403.Llama - лама

404.To fuel - питать, поддерживать

405.Upheaval - сдвиг

406.To underscore - подчёркивать

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2022-02-07 11:50:41 The superfoods that fueled ancient Andeans through 2,500 years of беспорядка

What if Indigenous diets could save, our politically and ecologically strained planet? The answer may lie in the success of an ancient civilization high in the Andes Mountains, where not much grows.

UC Berkeley archaeologists reconstructed the diets of ancient Andeans living around Lake Titicaca, which straddles Bolivia and Peru 12,500 feet above sea level. They found that quinoa, potatoes and лама meat helped питать, подпитывать the Tiwanaku civilization through 2,500 years of political and climate сдвига.

The findings, appearing this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal, help explain the endurance of Andean cultural practices in the millennia preceding the Inca Empire. Moreover, they подчёркивают the contribution of traditional Indigenous foods to human resilience.

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2022-02-07 11:44:26 https://phys.org/news/2021-11-superfoods-fueled-ancient-andeans-years.html Open / Comment

2022-02-07 11:44:10 Article 21

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2022-01-18 14:19:06

397.Resilient - быстро оправляющийся (от невзгод, горя и т. д.), имеющий запас жизненных сил

398.To tower - выситься, возвышаться

399.To marvel - дивиться, изумляться, восхищаться

400.Dappled shade - рассеянная тень (не сплошная)

401.Canopy - шатёр из листьев, крон деревьев

402.To pollinate - опылять

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2022-01-18 14:16:41 The next 14,000 years

Yet Pando is быстро отправляющийся and has already survived rapid environmental changes, especially when European settlers began inhabiting the area in the 19th century or after the rise of 20th-century recreational activities.

It has dealt with disease, wildfire, and grazing before and remains the world's largest scientifically documented organism.

Despite every cause for concern, there is hope as scientists are helping us unlock the secrets to Pando's resilience, while conservation groups and the US forest service are working to protect this tree and its associated ecosystem. And a new group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings.

Last summer, when I was visiting my family in Utah, I took the chance to visit Pando. I spent two amazing days walking under возвышающимися mature stems swaying and "quaking" in the gentle breeze, between the thick new growth in the "bamboo garden", and even into charming meadows that puncture portions of the otherwise-enclosed center.

I восхищался at the wildflowers and other plants thriving under the рассеяной тенью крон деревьев, and I was able to take delight in spotting опыляющих insects, birds, fox, beaver, and deer, all using some part of the ecosystem created by Pando.

It's these moments that remind us that we have plants, animals, and ecosystems worth protecting. In Pando, we get the rare chance to protect all three.

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2022-01-11 09:41:53

391.To congregate - собираться, сходиться

392.To fence-off - отгораживать

393.To exclude - не допускать, не впускать, исключать

394.Sooty - тёмно-коричневый, покрытый сажей

395.Canker - рак растений, некроз плодовых деревьев

396.To soar - стремительно повышаться, парить

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2022-01-11 09:41:32 Deer are eating the youngest 'trees'

Overgrazing by deer and elk is one of the biggest worries. Wolves and cougars once kept their numbers in check, but herds are now much larger because of the loss of these predators.

Deer and elk also tend to собираться in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there.

As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large portions of Pando there is little new growth.

The exception is one area that was отгорожена a few decades ago to remove dying trees. This fenced-off area has не допускала elk and deer and has seen successful regeneration of new clonal stems, with dense growth referred to as the "bamboo garden".

Diseases and climate change

Older stems in Pando are also being affected by at least three diseases: тёмно-коричневый bark рак растений, leaf spot and conk fungal disease.

While plant diseases have developed and thrived in aspen stands for millennia, it is unknown what the long-term effect on the ecosystem may be, given that there is a lack of new growth and an ever-growing list of other pressures on the clonal giant.

The fastest-growing threat is that of climate change. Pando arose after the last ice age had passed and has dealt with a largely stable climate ever since.

To be sure, it inhabits an alpine region surrounded by desert, meaning it is no stranger to warm temperatures or drought. But climate change threatens the size and lifespan of the tree, as well as the whole ecosystem it hosts.

Although no scientific studies have focused specifically on Pando, aspen stands have been struggling with climate change-related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage.

With more competition for ever-dwindling water resources (the nearby Fish Lake is just out of reach of the tree's root system), temperatures expected to continue стремительно повышаться to record highs in summer, and the threat of more intense wildfires, Pando will certainly struggle to adjust to these fast-changing conditions while maintaining its size.

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2021-12-27 15:12:20

385.Spring-fed - подпитываемый, наполняемый родниками, подземными источниками

386.To dwell - обитать

387.Aspen - осина

388.Woodland - лесной массив; лесистая местность

389.To flutter - дрожать, колыхаться, развеваться

390.Longevity - долголетие, долговечность

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