IELTS articles

2021-05-19 14:15:06 Rangers battle human вторжение in Sudan's biggest park

Спрятанный by the Ethiopian border, Sudan's Dinder National Park boasts the country's most разнообразной wildlife, but rangers face a daily battle to protect it as human encroachment возрастает.

Spread over more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,800 square miles), 400 kilometres (250 miles) southeast of Khartoum, the park is Sudan's biggest and abuts Ethiopia's Alatash National Park.

Зажатый between the vast лугами of the Sahel and the forests of the Ethiopian highlands, the park boasts a variety of habitats that have made it a убежищем for wildlife.

Freshwater lakes dot the park's woodlands and savannah, making it an important flyway for migratory birds as well.

"It enjoys the richest wildlife in Sudan," said Albadri Alhassan, head of the park's development organisation. "But the growing human violations threaten to diminish the wilderness."

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2021-05-19 14:11:34 https://phys.org/news/2021-04-rangers-human-encroachment-sudan-biggest.html Open / Comment

2021-05-19 14:11:16 Article 16

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2021-05-10 12:27:47 Cytokine storm - это неблагоприятное состояние, когда иммунная система показывает весь свой потенциал и выбрасывает в кровь все воспалительные молекулы - cytokines.

Избыток cytokines запускает каскад иммунных реакций, и вместо адекватного ответа иммунитета на инфекцию формируется избыточный. В итоге организм может уничтожить себя быстрее инфекции.

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2021-05-10 12:01:10

303.Within - в рамках (чего-либо), в пределах

304.Conversely - наоборот

305.Cytokine - цитокин (белковые молекулы, которые продуцируются всеми клетками)

306.To elevate - поднимать, повышать

307.Reduction - уменьшение, сокращение

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2021-05-10 12:00:53 After cell 'recovery' periods of 4 and 48 hours, scientists assessed the expression of a variety of genes to determine if any were increased or decreased by the single exposure.

Matt Stevenson, Pre-Clinical Toxicology Manager, Imperial Brands: "В рамках this model, exposure to combustible cigarette smoke triggered significant changes in gene expression, indicating - amongst other effects - changes in oxidative stress and inflammation markers. Наоборот, the vape aerosol generated only a minimal response, similar to that observed in the air control."

Principal Toxicologist at Imperial Dr Liam Simms added: "Gene set enrichment analysis examining those genes most over/under expressed were compared across five key pathways - cell cycle, apoptosis, p53 signaling, cell death and NF-KappaB signaling [a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, цитокин production and cell survival].

Focusing on the 3R4F reference cigarette, no pathways were activated after four hours exposure, but at 48 hours the cells had both genes associated with cell cycle and cell death pathways activated.

Conversely, those cells exposed to vape aerosol demonstrated slightly повышенную NF-KappaB signaling pathways after four hours exposure. However, at 48 hours no pathways were activated."

The results from this study show, that under the conditions of test, acute exposure to vape aerosol had less impact on gene expression in human lung cells in vitro than the equivalent dose of cigarette smoke.

"This latest research adds to the growing body of research gathered by both Imperial Brands and others, demonstrating the considerable harm уменьшение potential of Next Generation Products (NGPs) like vapes compared to continued combustible cigarette smoking," said Dr Grant O'Connell, Head of Tobacco Harm Reduction Science at Imperial.

"We encourage regulators and policy makers to consider the weight of evidence that shows the clear scientific differences between combustible cigarettes, which burn tobacco, and potentially harm-reduced NGPs that do not," he concluded.

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2021-04-19 12:44:18 Уважаемые подписчики!

Слова с 200 по 300 отдельными файлами

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2021-04-07 15:57:44

298.Acute - острый, сильный

299.Exposure - воздействие

300.Tissue - ткань (биологическая)

301.Combustible - горючий, легко воспламеняющийся

302.To trigger - инициировать, вызывать (что-то), дать начало 

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2021-04-07 15:57:25 Сильное, острое воздействие of lung tissue to vape aerosol has lesser impact on gene expression than cigarette smoke

A new peer-reviewed study published in the journal Toxicological Research & Application shows acute exposure of a 3D human bronchial ткань model to e-cigarette aerosol has minimal impact on gene expression compared to smoke from горючих cigarettes.

The research involved sub-cytotoxic exposure to cells in a 3D human bronchial model (MucilAirTM) to nicotine-containing vape aerosol, combustible cigarette smoke and fresh air control under strict laboratory conditions.

The highly sensitive Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-First Century (TT21C)-based technique allows researchers to gain a mechanistic understanding of the potential effects of exposure to vape aerosol and 3R4F (reference cigarette) smoke, without experiencing other processes that may be вызваны by significantly higher exposures - including cell death - that could potentially make interpretation of results difficult.

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