NCERT NOTES

2021-06-04 05:45:38 Transport System in India

Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.Modes of transport include air,land(rail & road),water,cable,pipeline and space.

Railways

●Railways was introduced to India in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.

●The total length of Indian Railways network is 64460 km. (March 2011).

The gauge-wise route and track lengths of the systems as on 31st March, 2007 are as under:-

The network is divided into 16 zones. Divisions are basic operating units. The 16 zones are their respective headquarters are given below.

Road

●With a total length of about 42.3 lakh km, India has one of the largest road networks in the world.About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic are carried by roads.

●Roads have been classified as National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Roads, and Rural Roads.

●The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), which is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport was operationalized in 1995. The NHAI is responsible for the development, maintenance, and operation of National Highways.The National Highways constitute only 1.67 per cent of the total road length, but carry about 40 per cent of the road traffic.

●State Highways are constructed and maintained by the state governments.

Waterways

Water transport can be divided into two major categories − inland waterways and oceanic waterways.

Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986 for the development, maintenance, and regulation of national waterways in the country.

●Ocean transport is the most important water transport because it has certain advantages overland carriage. The sea offers a ready-made carriageway for ships which, unlike the roadway or railway, requires no maintenance.

●Water surfaces are two-dimensional and, although sea-going vessels frequently keep to shipping lanes, ships can travel, within a limited number of constraints, in any direction.

Air Ports

●Air transport in India marked its beginning in 1911 with the commencement of airmail over a little distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini.

●Pawan Hans is the helicopter service operating in hilly areas and is widely used by tourists in north-eastern regions.

●The coastline of India is dotted with 12 Major Ports and about 200 Non-major Ports. The Major Ports are under the purview of the center while the Non-major Ports come under the jurisdiction of the respective State Governments.

Sea Ports

●At present, India has 12 major ports and 185 minor or intermediate ports.

●The 12 major ports handled about 71 percent of the country’s oceanic traffic in the year 2008-09.

●The capacity of Indian ports increased from 20 million tons of cargo handling in 1951 to more than 586 million tons in 2008-09.

●Mumbai has a natural harbor and it is the biggest seaport of the country.

Pipelines

Oil and gas industry in India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local exploration, renewable energy and indigenous ethanol fuel (Jan 2018).

●The length of pipelines for crude oil is 20,000 km (12,427 mi).

●The length of Petroleum products pipeline is 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi). Open / Comment

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https://t.me/physicswallahinspired Open / Comment

2021-06-03 08:49:58 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS BY LOCATION

New York City, USA:

●International Rescue Committee

●United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, also known as UN Women

●United Nations Security Council

●United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

●United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Washington DC, USA

●The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

●International Monetary Fund (IMF)

●World Bank Group

●International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

●International Development Association

●International Finance Corporation

Geneva, Switzerland

●Inter-Parliamentary Union

●International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

●International Labour Organization (ILO)

●International Telecommunication Union

●World Health Organization (WHO)

●World Intellectual Property Organization

●World Meteorological Organization

●World Trade Organization (WTO)

●United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

●United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Vienna, Austria:

●Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

●International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

●United Nations Industrial Development Organization

London, UK

●International Maritime Organization (IMO)

●Commonwealth of Nations

Copenhagen, Denmark

●International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)

Brussels, Belgium

●World Customs Organization

●North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Paris, France

●United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

●Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

●International Energy Agency

Lyon, France

●International Criminal Police Organization, or INTERPOL

Rome, Italy

●Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

●International Fund for Agricultural Development

●World Food Programme

The Hague, The Netherlands

●International Court of Justice

●International Criminal Court

Madrid, Spain

●World Tourism Organization

Berne, Switzerland

●Universal Postal Union

Lausanne, Switzerland

●International Olympic Committee

●International Boxing Association(AssociationInternationale de Boxe Amateur (AIBA)

●International Hockey Federation

Gland, Switzerland

●World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

Basel, Switzerland

●Bank for International Settlements

Zurich, Switzerland

●Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

Montreal, Canada

●International Civil Aviation Organization

Tokyo, Japan

●United Nations University Open / Comment

2021-06-03 08:49:49 Crematoriums (Samadhi sthals) of famous people in India:

1. Mahatma Gandhi: Raj Ghat (Royal Steps)

2. Lal Bahadur Shastri: Vijay Ghat, Delhi (Victory Platform)

3. Chaudhary Charan Singh (PM): Kisan Ghat, Delhi (Farmer’s Platform)

4. Rajiv Gandhi: Veer Bhumi, Delhi (Land of Brave)

5. Jawaharlal Nehru: Shanti Van, Delhi (Garden of Peace)

6. Indira Gandhi: Shakti Sthal, Delhi (Place of Power)

7. Sanjay Gandhi: Shanti Van, Delhi

8. Morarji Desai: Abhay Ghat, Ahmedabad

9. Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma: Karma Bhumi (Land of Duty)

10. Dr Rajendra Prasad: Mahaprayan Ghat, Patna

11. Gulzarilal Nanda: Narayan Ghat, Ahmedabad

12. KR Narayanan: Uday Bhoomi, Delhi

13. PV Narasimha Rao: PV Ghat (Buddha Poornima Park)

14. BR Ambedkar: Chaitya Bhoomi, Dadar

15. Krishna Kant (Vice-President): Nigambhoot Ghat

16. Giani Zail Singh (President): Ekta Sthal, Delhi (Place of Unity)

17. Jagjivan Ram (Deputy PM): Samta Stal (Place of Equality)

18. Devi Lal (Deputy PM): Sangharsh Stal (Place of Struggle)

19. Chandra Shekhar (PM): Jannayak Stal (Place of People’s Leader)

20. IK Gujral (PM): Smriti Sthal (Place of Remembrance) Open / Comment

2021-06-03 06:51:21 Kinematics note Open / Comment

2021-06-02 18:40:39 What is a Solar Storm?

A solar storm is a term used for atmospheric effects felt on Earth from certain events that occur on the Sun.

You probably think of the Sun as a bright shining light that never changes.

In reality, it's an unbelievably huge ball of molten gases that's constantly in flux.

Solar storms occur when the Sun emits huge bursts of energy in the form of solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

These phenomena send a stream of electrical charges and magnetic fields toward the Earth at a speed of about three million miles per hour.

When a solar storm strikes the Earth, it often produces a dazzling “northern lights" display in parts of the atmosphere that can be seen in areas close to the Arctic Circle.

Solar storms can also disrupt satellites and various forms of electronic communications. Solar storms start with a huge explosion on the Sun.

These explosions called solar flares can be about as powerful as billions of nuclear bombs.

Solar flares usually go hand-in-hand with the release of huge streams of charged plasma that travel at millions of miles per hour.

These streams are called coronal mass ejections, or CMEs. When CMEs hit the Earth, they can cause geomagnetic storms that disrupt satellites and electrical power grids. Open / Comment

2021-06-02 18:40:16 Open / Comment

2021-06-02 11:52:14 Biosphere Reserve of India

Image credit - Edubaba

Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/ marine ecosystems or a combination thereof.

There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in the country.


1. Cold Desert, Himachal Pradesh
2. Nanda Devi, Uttrakhand
3. Khangchendzonga, Sikkim
4. Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh
5. Manas, Assam
6. Dibru-Saikhowa, Assam
7. Nokrek, Meghalaya
8. Panna, Madhya Pradesh
9. Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh
10. Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh
11. Kachchh, Gujarat (Largest Area)
12. Similipal, Odisha
13. Sundarban, West Bengal
14. Seshachalam, Andhra Pradesh
15. Agasthyamala, Karnataka-Tamil Nadu-Kerala
16. Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu-Kerala (First to be Included)
17. Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu
18. Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Island

#Environment Open / Comment

2021-06-02 11:51:35 #River_India

Sabarmati River

The Sabarmati is the name given to the combined streams the Sabar and Hathmati.

The Sabarmati basin extends over states of Rajasthan and Gujarat .

Sabarmati originates from Aravalli hills Tepur, in Udaipur district of Rajasthan.

The total length of river from origin to outfall into the Arabian Sea is 371 km.

Tributaries

Left bank - Wakal, Hathmati and Vatrak.

Right bank - Sei.

Projects: Sabarmati reservoir (Dharoi), Hathmati reservoir Open / Comment