UPSC GS1 History Art Culture

2021-08-08 11:48:02 Abanindranath Tagore’s 150th birth anniversary- 7th August

Contributions of Abanindranath Tagore towards Indian art and culture

He first created the Indian Society of Oriental Art & later went on to establish Bengal school of art.
He believed that Indian art & its art forms gave importance to spirituality as opposed to the West which stressed on materialism, thus rejecting it.
His idea of modernizing Mughal and Rajput paintings eventually gave rise to modern Indian painting, which took birth at his Bengal school of art
Most of his works revolved around Hindu philosophy.
In his later works, Abanindranath started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style. The intention behind this move was to construct an amalgamation of the modern pan-Asian artistic tradition and the common elements of Eastern artistic and spiritual culture.

Famous paintings

Bharat Mata, The Passing of Shah Jahan (1900), My Mother (1912–13), Fairyland illustration (1913), Journey’s End (circa 1913). Open / Comment

2021-08-01 08:31:46 Open / Comment

2021-08-01 06:44:46 RSTV-The Big picture

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2021-07-31 11:30:04 SAMBANDAR

Why in News-The National Gallery of Australia (NGA) announced that it would return 14 works of art from its Asian art collection to India.

The works being returned are:

dancing child-saint Sambandar of 12th century belonging to Chola dynasty,

processional standard [alam], from Hyderabad,

arch for a Jain shrine (11th-12th century), seated Jina, 1163 from Mount Abu region, Rajasthan,

the divine couple Lakshmi and Vishnu [Lakshmi Narayana] (11-12th century), and

Durga Mahisasuramardini, from Gujarat.

Sambandar

Sambandar, also referred to as Thirugnana Sambandar was a Saiva poet-saint of Tamil Nadu who lived sometime in the 7th century CE. He was a contemporary of Appar, another Saiva poet-saint.
He was a child prodigy who lived just 16 years. According to the Tamil Shaiva tradition, he composed an oeuvre of 16,000 hymns in complex meters, of which 383 (384) hymns with 4,181 stanzas have survived.
These narrate an intense loving devotion (bhakti) to the Hindu god Shiva.
The surviving compositions of Sambandar are preserved in the first three volumes of the Tirumurai, and provide a part of the philosophical foundation of Shaiva Siddhanta.



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2021-07-24 09:59:02 Gatka

Gatka is a weapon based martial art form performed by Sikhs of Punjab.

Gatka means whose freedom belongs to grace. Others say that ‘Gatka’ comes from a Sanskrit word ‘Gadha’ means mace.

This art uses weapons like Kirpan, Talwar and Kataar.

It is displayed in various occasions, celebrations in the state including fairs


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2021-07-23 16:55:01 HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECT

In Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior and Orchha cities have been selected by UNESCO under ‘Historic Urban Landscape Project’, which was started in the year 2011, for the inclusive and well-planned development of fast-growing historical cities while preserving the culture and heritage.

About:

Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan virtually launched UNESCO’s ‘Historic Urban Landscape’ project for Gwalior and Orchha cities of the state through video conferencing.
Six cities of South Asia, including Ajmer and Varanasi in India are already involved in this project.
Orchha and Gwalior have been included as the 7th and 8th cities.
The cities will be jointly developed by UNESCO, Government of India and Madhya Pradesh by focusing on their historical and cultural improvement.
This project will help MP tourism get a new dimension. Additional employment opportunities will also be created along with the development of tourism.

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2021-07-22 20:26:01 Get Monthly PIB compilation by GS Score Team.

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June 2021 (2nd Part)-- Will be Uploading at 10AM


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2021-07-21 10:44:02 Development of Education

1781: Calcutta Madrasah ( Warren Hastings)

1791: Sanskrit College, Benaras ( Jonathan Duncan)

1800: Fort William College ( Lord Wellesley)
Serampur missionaries were very enthusiastic about spread of education

1813: Charter Act
Sanction of 1 lakhs annually
Amount not made available till 1823
Grant sanctioned for Calcutta College ( 1817- Rammohun Roy)

1835: Lord Macaulay's Minute
Settled the debate in favour of Anglicists- limited govt resources to be devoted to teaching western sciences and literature through medium of English language alone
Neglected mass education
Downward filtration theory

1835: Medical college in Calcutta

1843-53: James Thomson ( LG of NW Province)
Developed comprehensive scheme of village education through the medium of vernacular languages
Purpose was to train personnel for newly set up Revenue and Public works dept.

1844: Applicants for govt employment should possess knowledge of English

1854: Wood's Despatch ( Magna Carta of English education in India)
Responsibility of educating mass and rebuked downward filtration theory
Vernacular at school, English in higher studies
Stress on female and vocational education and teacher training
Education in govt institutions to be secular
System of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise

Developments:

1857: universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras

1849: Bethune School, Calcutta ( JED Bethune)- Education for women
Agriculture Institute at Pusa, Bihar
Engineering Institute at Roorkee (1847)

1856: Calcutta college of engineering

1858: Overseers' school at Poona ( Poona college of engineering)

1882-83: Hunter Education Commission (Ripon)
Confined its recommendations to primary and secondary education
Primary education in vernacular
Transfer of control of primary education to district and municipal boards
High school should have two divisions
Literary- leading to university
Vocational- commercial careers
Attention towards inadequate facilities for female education

1882: Punjab university

1887: Allahabad university

1902: Raleigh Commission
Go into conditions and prospects of universities in India
Based on recommendations of Raleigh, Indian Universities Act

1904: Indian Universities Act
Govt veto in universities senate regulations
5 lakh rupees to be sanctioned per annum for five years

1906: State of Baroda introduced compulsory education throughout its territories

1913: Resolution on education policy - govt refused to take responsibility of compulsory education

1917-19: Saddler University Commission
Study and report on problems of Calcutta university
Reviewed entire field from school education to university education
School course should be 12 yrs. Entry into university after intermediate stage for 3 yrs course.

1919: Education shifted to provincial ministries so govt stopped taking direct interest in education
matters.

1929: Hartog Committee
To report on development of education
Average students should be diverted to vocational courses after 8th
Admission should be restricted

1937: Wardha scheme of basic education
Congress organised a National Conference on Education in Wardha
Zakir hussain committee- detailed national scheme for basic education
Learning through activity
Based on Gandhi's weekly Harijan
English only after Class 8

1944: Sergeant Plan of Education
Pre-primary education for 3-6 yrs age group
Free, universal and compulsory elementary education for 6-11 yrs age group
Abolition of intermediate course

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2021-07-20 10:39:02 Kesaria Buddha stupa

The world-famous Kesaria Buddha stupa is waterlogged following floods in some parts of the district after heavy rainfall in the catchment areas of river Gandak.

It is located in the east Champaran district of Bihar.

The ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) has declared it a protected monument of national importance

The stupa is located about 110 km from the State capital Patna.

Kesaria Stupa has a circumference of almost 1,400 feet (430 m) and raises to a height of about 104 feet (32 m).

It is the tallest and the largest Buddhist stupa in the world.

The local call the stupa "devalaya" meaning "house of gods"

Exploration:

lts exploration started in the early 19th century after its discovery led by Colonel Mackenzie in 1814.

Later, it was excavated by General Cunningham in 1861-62 and in 1998 an ASI team led by archaeologist K.K. Muhammad had excavated the site properly.

History:

The first construction of the Stupa is dated to the 3rd century BCE.

The original Kesariya stupa is believed to date back to the time of emperor Ashoka (circa 250 BCE) as the remains of an Ashokan pillar was discovered there.

The stupa dates to the Gupta Dynasty between 200 AD and 750 AD, and may have been associated with the 4th-century ruler Raja Chakravarti.

Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist monk, mentioned a stupa which was built over Buddha's alms bowl by Licchavis of Vaishali.

Buddhist monk, Hsuan-Tsang, also mentioned the stupa in his travels.

It is also believed that it was at this spot that he foretold his disciples that the time of his passing was near, and he would soon achieve nirvana

Stupa:

It is an important form of Buddhist architecture, though it predates Buddhism.

It is generally considered to be a sepulchral monument a place of burial or a receptacle for religious objects.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

It was established in the year 1861 under the Ministry of Culture

It is the premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. Users can get detailed information related to excavations, conservations, museums, epigraphical studies, etc.

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2021-07-19 11:30:05 Bhangra (Punjab)

Most popular folk dance of Punjab, performed by men on festive occasions & to celebrate Baisakhi or the harvest festival

Featured dress → Bright coloured plumed turbans, traditional tehmats, kurtas and waistcoats

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