UPSC GS1 History Art Culture

2022-01-02 11:11:01 Nagara school of architecture has 3 sub-schools :-

1) Odisha school.

2) Khajuraho school.

3) Solanki school. Open / Comment

2022-01-02 11:08:01 ■ SOLANKI SCHOOL.


#Artandculture #Architecture #GS1

In North - western part of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, this school developed under the patronage of Solanki ruler.

◇ Temples walls devoid of any carvings.

◇ Gharbhagriha connected with Mandapa both internally as well as externally.

◇ Porticos have decorative arched gateways known as Torans.

◇ Unique feature is the presence of step - tank.

◇ Variety of material used to make Temples like sandstone, blackbasal and soft marble.

◇ Most of the temples are east facing every year during equinoxes the sun rays fall directly into Central shrine.

◇ Example - Modhera sun temple, Gujarat.


︎SOURCE - INDIAN ART and CULTURE by NITIN SINGHANIA.

#GS1 #History #Art #Culture


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2022-01-01 17:47:02 ■ KHAJURAHO SCHOOL.


#Artandculture #Architecture #GS1

In the central part of India, the Chandel ruler developed a distinct style of Temple making - known as Khajuraho school.

◇ Both the interior and exterior walls lavishly decorated.

◇ Scriptures generally erotic - derived inspiration from Vatsyayana's Kamasutra.

◇ Temples made of Sandstone.

◇ Temples had three chambers - Garbhagriha, mandapa and ardha - mandapa.

◇ Temples generally north or east facing.

◇ Panchayatan style of temple making was followed. Even the subsidiary shrines had rekha-prasad shikharas.

◇ Temples built on high platform.

◇ Examples :-

• Kandariya mahadeva temple. [Top picture]

• Lakshman temple of Khajuraho. [Bottom Picture]

︎SOURCE - INDIAN ART and CULTURE by NITIN SINGHANIA.

#GS1 #History #Art #Culture


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2022-01-01 00:34:02 ︎MAINS FOCUS - 1

■ GANDHARA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE.

#GS1 #Artandculture #Sculpture

◇ Geographical region – Flourished in north western parts of Indian subcontinent (Pakistan and Afghanistan).

◇ Origin – emerged during second half of 2nd century.

◇ Material used – Initially artist used locally found blue or green schist and phyllite to make these figures. Later on wood and stucco were used.

◇ Foreign influence – Foreign influence of Greco-Roman art was present from the very beginning. Due to this gandhara school was also called Greco- Roman, Greco-buddhist, and indo-greek school of art.

◇ Patrons – Shakas and Kushanas were the patrons of this school. Indo - greeks did not patronize this school.

◇ Religion associated – Buddhism only.

◇ Presence of secular elements – Secular elements were absent.

◇ Important sites – Taxila, Laghman, Bamiyan, Bimaran, Hadda, and begram.

◇ Decline – Gandhara school of art declined in 5th century AD due to Huna invasions.

□ The roman influence on gandhara school was visible in the form of :-

• Realistic representation of human being.

• Distinguished muscles of the body.

• Buddha is wearing a roman toga-like dress in some of the figures.

• His arranged in the wavy curls.

□ Greek influence on the gandhara school was visible in the form of :-

• Buddha sometimes portrayed with a moustache or turban.

• Round eyes.

• Mechanically rigidity in expression.

• Transparent garments.

• Focus on depiction of physical beauty. The figures of buddha are so beautiful that they look like those of apollo, the Greek god of beauty.

MAINS PYQs :-

Q - Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain. [2019]

Q - Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in Gandhara art.

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2021-12-31 23:32:01 ■ PANEL SET UP TO IMPLEMENT ASSAM ACCORD

#GS1

The Assam government on Saturday set up an eight-member sub-committee to examine and prepare a framework for the implementation of all clauses of the Assam Accord of 1985.

□ What is Assam Accord ?

◇ The Assam Accord was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement.

◇ It the movement demanded the identification and deportation of all illegal foreigners – predominantly Bangladeshi immigrants.

◇ They feared that past and continuing large scale migration was overwhelming the native population, impacting their political rights, culture, language and land rights.

◇ The Assam Movement caused the estimated death of over 855 people.It ended with the signing of the Assam Accord in 1985.

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2021-12-31 23:29:01 ■ HARAPPAN'S DRAINAGE SYSTEM

#Ancienthistory

◇ Well laid-out streets and side lanes associated with an efficient and well-planned drainage system are other notable features of Harappan settlements.

◇ The sewage chutes and pipes were separate from drains for collecting rain water.

◇ Drains and water chutes from the second storey were often built inside the wall, with an exit opening just above the street drain.

◇ At Harappa and Mohenjodaro, terracotta drain pipes directed waste water into open street drains made of baked bricks. These connected into large drains along the main streets, which emptied their contents into the fields outside the city wall.

◇ The main drains were covered by corbelled arches made of brick or stone slabs.

◇ There were rectangular soakpits for collecting solid waste at regular intervals.

︎SOURCE - Upinder singh.
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2021-12-31 22:28:01 ■ PLANNING OF HOUSES in HARAPPA

#Harappancivilization

◇ People lived in houses of different sizes, mostly consisting of rooms arranged around a central courtyard.

◇ Doorways and windows generally faced the side lanes and rarely opened onto the main streets.

◇ The view from the lane into the courtyard was blocked off by a wall.

◇ There are remains of staircases that may have led to the roof or a second storey.

◇ The fact that some of the houses at Mohenjodaro were two stories high or more is also suggested by the thickness of their walls.

◇ Floors were usually made of hard-packed earth, often re-plastered or covered with sand.

◇ The ceilings were probably over 3 m high. Roofs may have been made of wooden beams covered with reeds and packed clay.

◇ The doors and windows of houses were made of wood and mats.

◇ Many houses or groups of houses had separate bathing areas and toilets.

︎SOURCE - Upinder singh.
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