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The latest Messages 187
2021-03-06 16:33:15
#IMP_TERMS
Blind cultivation
The cultivation after planting and before crop emergence.
Deep tillage
soil tilled from the depth of 15-45cm, generally carried out in root crops.
Shallow tillage when soil is tilled up to depth of 2.5 cm to 15 cm.
Ideal tillage
soil should be prepared in such a way that the tillage operation carried out to the normal sequences of tillage and upon moisture and type of soil.
Minimum tillage or no-tillage system reduces the availability of potassium due to increased compaction, lessened reaction, lower temperature and positional availability.
The concept of minimum tillage was started in USA.
Puddling
is ploughing the land with 5-10 cm standing water with an object to create an impervious layer below the surface to reduce deep percolation losses of water and to provide soft seedbed for planting rice.
Percolation: It is the vertical movement of water in the soil due to force of gravity.
Percolation occurs when water is under pressure or when the tension is smaller than about 1/2 atmosphere. It occurs in saturated soil.
Seepage: It is the horizontal flow of water in channel or canal is called seepage. Water loss from channel or canal mainly due to seepage.
Permeability: The ability of a soil to movement of air and water is known as permeability. Soils high in clay have small pore spaces, so water passes l through only slowly.
Leaching: Downward movement of nutrients and salts from root zone with the water is called leaching.
Capillarity: Capillarity refers to the energy with which water is held by soil. If a lower end of glass tube of capillary size is placed in water the liquid rises in the tube above the level of the water surface outside.
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ALL STATES AGRICULTURE EXAM MATERIAL
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8.4K views13:33
2021-03-06 05:50:42
#Growth_substances and their functions
#Hormones
1 Auxin :
Named by F.W. Went. It has apical bud dominance, inhibit
root elongation and promote cell division in tissue culture
a. IAA :
Prevent premature fruit drop
b. IBA.
Root formation
c. NAA.
Fruit thinner, prevent fruit drop
2) 2,4-D :
Fruit setting harmone (< 20 ppm), and also used as herbicide 20 ppm)
3 Cytokinin :
Dormancy breaker, stimulate cell division
4 Gibberellins :
Cell elongation, increase fruit size
5. Abscisic acid (ABA) :
Induce Dormancy, stomata closer, also called as anti-gibberellin
6 Ethylene :
Ripening of fruits, Isodiametric growth of stem & roots
7 Chlormequat (CCC) :
Logging preventor, also known as cycocel
8. Maleic hydrazide
Growth retardant, prevent onion sprouting in storage, sold
under trade name Sprout stop
9 Ethephone :
T.Name-Ethrel, Used as Banana fruit ripener
10 Glyphosate :
Used as sugarcane ripener
8.2K views02:50
2021-03-05 15:13:22
National Livestock Mission
Government of India launched the National Livestock Mission in 2014-15 for the sustainable and continuous growth of the livestock sector. The Mission is designed to cover all the activities required to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders. This mission has been formulated with the objective of sustainable development of the livestock sector, focusing on improving availability of quality feed and fodder, risk coverage, effective extension, improved flow of credit and organization of livestock farmers/rearers. Given the high contribution of protein items in inflation, the growth of this sector has to match the rising demand reflected in increasing share of these items in consumption expenditure.
National Livestock Mission has four sub-missions as follows:
Sub-Mission on Fodder and Feed Development: It will address the problems of scarcity of animal feed resources, in order to give a push to the livestock sector making it a competitive enterprise for India, and also to harness its export potential. The major objective is to reduce the deficit to nil.
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Sub-Mission on Livestock Development: Under this sub-mission there are provisions for productivity enhancement, entrepreneurship development and employment generation,
strengthening of infrastructure of state farms with respect to modernization, automation
and bio security, conservation of threatened breeds, minor livestock development, rural slaughter houses, fallen animals and livestock insurance.
Sub-Mission on Pig Development in North-Eastern Region: There has been persistent demand from the NE States seeking support for all round development of piggery in the region. For the first time, under the National Livestock Mission, a Sub-Mission on Pig Development in North-Eastern Region is provided wherein Government of India would
support the State Piggery Farms, and importation of germplasm so that eventually the masses get the benefit as it is linked to livelihood and contributes in providing protein-rich food in 8 States of the NE Region.
Sub-Mission on Skill Development, Technology Transfer and Extension: The extension machinery at field level for livestock activities is very weak. As a result, farmers are not able to adopt the technologies developed by research institutions.
The emergence of new
technologies and practices require linkages between stakeholders and this sub-mission will enable a wider outreach to the farmers. All the States, including NER States may avail the benefits of the multiple components and the flexibility of choosing them under
National Livestock Mission for a sustainable livestock development.
A separate ministry “Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying” has been carved
out of “Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare” which emphasizes the focus of
government in these areas.
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, under “Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying” recently released the 20th Livestock Census report, as per which the livestock population has increased by 4.6% to 54 crore from the previous livestock census
and Uttar Pradesh has the highest Livestock population.
Share of livestock in GDP is around 5%
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8.8K views12:13
2021-03-05 14:23:31
Some_important_Terms_used_in_Irrigation
#Hydroscopic_Water: That water is adsorbed from an atmosphere of water vapour because of attractive forces in the surface of particles.
#Hysteresis: It is the log of in one of the two associated process or phenomena during reversion.
#Indicator_Plant: It is the plant, which reflects specific growing condition by its presence or character of growth.
#Infiltration_Rate: It is the maximum rate at which a soil under given condition and at given time can absorb water when there is no join agriculture exams library telegram channel divergent flow at borders.
#Intake_Rate_or_Infiltration_Velocity: It is the rate of water entry into the soil expressed as a depth of water per unit area applicable or divergence of flow in the soil.
#Irrigation_Requirement: It refers to the quantity of water, exclusive of precipitation, required for crop production. This amounts to net irrigation requirement plus other economically avoidable losses. It is usually expressed in depth for given time.
#Leaching: It is removal of soluble material by the passage of water through the soil. Join agriculture exams library telegram channel
#Leaching_Requirement: It is the fraction of water entering the soil that must pass through the root zone in order to prevent soil salinity from exceeding a specific value.
#Oasis_effect: It is the exchange of heat whereby air over crop is cooled to supply heat for evaporation.
#Percolation: It is the down word movement of water through the soil.
#Permanent_Wilting_Point (PWP): Permanent wilting point is the moisture content in percentage of soil at which nearly all plants wilt and do not recover in a humid dark chamber unless water is added from an outside source. This is lower limit of available moisture range for plant growth ceases completely. The force with which moisture is held by dry soil this point corresponds to 15 atmospheres.
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#Permeability: Permeability is the property of a porous medium to transmit fluids It is a broad term and can be further specified as hydraulic conductivity and intrinsic permeability.
#PF: It is the logarithm of height in cm of column of water which represents the total stress with which water is held by soil.
#PH: It is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
Potential Evaporation: It represents evaporation from a large body of free water surface. It is assumed that, there is no effect of addictive energy .It is primarily a function of evaporative demand of climate.
#Potential_Evapo_transpiration: It is the amount of water evaporated in a unit time from short uniform green crop growing actively and covering an extended surface and never short of water. Penman prefers the term potential transpiration.
#Seepage: It is the water escaped through the soil under gravitational forces.
#Agricultural_Drainage: It is removal of excess water known as free or ravitational water from the surface or below the surface of farm land to create favorable condition for proper growth and development of the plot.
#Surface_Drainage: when the excess water saturates the pores spaces removal of water of water by downward flow through the soil is called subsurface drainage.
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8.3K views11:23
2021-03-05 08:14:50
#Test_weight
8.7K views05:14
2021-03-05 04:49:16
#Problematic soils
Problem soils are the soils whose productivity is lowered due to inherent unfavourable soil conditions viz., salt content and soil reaction.
1.saline soils :
(White alkali/ solon chalk)
✓ EC is more than 4 dS m-1.
✓ESP is less than 15
✓ pH is less than 8.5.
✓SAR is less than 13
Reclaimation of saline soil:
✓ Leaching or Flooding by good irrigation water.
✓Acidic nature of fertilizers (e.g., Amonium sulphate) should be used
2.saline - Alkali soils:
✓ The EC is more than 4 dS m-1,
✓ESP is more than 15
✓pH is around 8.5.
✓SAR is greater than 13.
•These are transitional soils that they may be converted into saline or into alkali soils.
3.Alkali or Sodic soils:
(Black alkali)
✓EC of is less than 4 dS m-1.
✓ESP is more than 15
✓ pH more than 8.5.
✓SAR is greater than 13.
Reclamation of alkali soil :
✓Reclamation of sodic soils involve two stages.
1. First, the replacement of sodium by another cation and second, the
leaching of the desorbed sodium salts out of the root zone.
2. This may be done with
Gypsum (CaSO4. 2 H2O) and leaching with good quality irrigation water.
✓ Gypsum @8qt/ha
✓Iron pyrite @12q/ha
4.Acid soil:
✓ pH less than 7
✓Strongly acid soil pH - less than 5
Reclamation of acid soils:
✓ Addition of liming materials
1. Limestone (Ca CO3)
2. Quick lime (CaO)
3. Hydrated (Slaked) lime (Ca (OH)2)
4. Dolomitic limestone (CaMg (CO3)2)
✓Use of basic fertilizers like sodium nitrate, basic slag etc. neutralize the acidity.
✓Rock phosphates & pressmud
Maximum area under Acid soil -
Kerala
Maximum area under Saline soil - Gujarat
Maximum area under Alkali soil -Uttar Pradesh.
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9.2K views01:49
2021-03-04 06:27:54
#nabard #afo #Hybrids #crop
1. First rice hybrid (India): CORH-1
2. First Hybrid Basmati Rice in world : PRH-10
3. First high yielding basmati rice: Pusa -Basmati 1(IARI)
4. First maize Hybrid (India): Ganga-1 (1961)
5. First Sorghum hybrid : CSH -1 (IARI)
6. First Rabi Sorghum : CSH -7R.
7. First forage sorghum: Pusa Chari Hybrid 106
8. Grain Bajra : HB1
9. Forage Bajra : Gahi 1
10. Tobacco Hybrid : GTH-1
11. Pegion Pea Hybrid : ICPH8 (ICRISAT, Hyderabad)
12. Cotton Hybrid ( Intraspecific) : H4 ( Surat farm,Gujarat)
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13. Cotton Hybrid (Interspecific): Varalaxami
14. Safflower Hybrid : DSH -129
15. Sunflower Hybrid : BSH-1(Pro-Agro)
16. Groundnut : C-501
17. Castor: GAUCH-1
18. Mustard (Somaclonal Hybrid): Pusa jai kisan (bio 902)
19. Mustard Hybrid : NRCHB-506
20. Sugarcane (World): POJ-2875
21. Sugarcane (India): Co-205
10.8K views03:27
2021-03-03 14:51:18
Diseases of citrus
a. Gummosis: Phytophthora spp
b. Bacterial canker: Xanthomonas compestris p.v citri. (transmitted
by leaf minor)
C. Tristeza: Virus (vector is aphids. Toxoptera sp.)
d. Citrus greening: Earlier Mycoplasma (now causal organism is Ca librobacter, a gram negative, walled, bacteria).
Transmitted by citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri e. Exocortis: Viroids.
Physiological disorder
a. Granulation: Due to high temperature & R.H. during ripening. It can be managed by sprayingof lime & application of 2,4-D (@ 12
ppm)
b. Exanthema: Copper deficiency.
c. Yellow leaf of citrus: Mo deficiency.
d. Die back due to: Cu deficiency
e. Little leaf Cu deficiency
Insect-pest of citrus
a. Psylla: Diaphorina citri (vector of greening disease).
b. Leaf minor: Phyllocnistis citrella (vector of citrus canker)
c. Aphids: Toxoptera auranti (vector of Tristeza disease)
d. Lemon butterfly: Pupilo demoleus. (Controlled by bagging of fruits)
e.Fruit sucking moth: Othreis fullonica (only adult suck the juice from ripening fruits)
10.5K views11:51
2021-03-03 08:44:18
BRANCHES OF HORTICULTURE
Pomology. The term Pomology is derived from the Latin word pomum meaning "fruits and the Greek word logy meaning 'science'. Thus, pomology is the science of production of fruit crops.
Olericulture. The term Olericulture is originated from Latin word 'oleris' meaning pot herb and the English word culture meaning raising of plants. Thus, olericulture is the science of vegetable crops. Vegetable is a general term for any vegetable matter coming from
vegetable kingdom. Etymologically, the word vegetable has been developed from Latin word vegetabilis means animated and from vegetare which means enliven.
Floriculture/Landscape gardening. Floriculture is the science of flower production Landscape is the appearance of land eye. Landscape gardening is the art as it appears to the of beautifying a piece of land using garden design, methods and plant materials. Besides, horticulture also covers spice, plantation, medicinal and aromatic crops and post-harvest handling of all these crops come under its purview.
10.2K views05:44
2021-02-23 11:30:43
Black revolution: Biofuel (Jatropha) production
Blue revolution: Fish production
Brown revolution: Non-conventional energy source
Evergreen revolution: Reduction in wastage of food grains, fruits,and vegetables
Food chain revolution: Foodgrain production
Golden Fiber Revolution: Jute Production
Golden revolution: Fruit production (apple)
Green revolution: Foodgrain production
Grey revolution: Manures and Fertilizers
Parbhani revolution: Okra
Pink revolution: Prawn production
Protein Revolution: Higher Production (Technology-driven 2ndGreen revolution).
Rainbow revolution: Overall development of the agriculture
sector (1996)
Red revolution: Meat/Tomato production
Round revolution: Potato production
Silver Fiber Revolution: Cotton
Silver revolution: Egg production/Poultry
White revolution: Milk production
Yellow revolution: Oilseeds production
1.7K views08:30
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