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2024-06-03 20:30:01 Open / Comment

2024-05-28 21:00:04 What is the difference between bugs and insects?

A bug is a type of insect. All bugs are insects, but not all insects are bugs.

Here are properties shared by most bugs:
Sucking mouthparts.
Do not undergo metamorphosis.
Partially hardened or fully membranous forewings, which fold over one another (although a few bugs lack wings altogether).
Many produce sound to communicate.

Scientists know about over . true bugs, e.g.:
Aphids
Assassin bugs (including kissing bugs)
Beg bugs
Boxelder bugs
Cicadas
Firebugs
Froghoppers
Leafhoppers
Mealybugs
Scale bugs
Shield bugs
Stink bugs
Treehoppers
Water bugs (including water boatmen, water scorpions, and backswimmers)
Whiteflies

Animals that are insects but not bugs:
Ants
Beetles, including Lady bugs
Bees
Butterflies and moths
Cockroaches
Flies
Locusts and other grasshoppers
Mantises

Animals that are arthropods but not bugs:
Spiders
Mites
Ticks
Centipedes
Millipedes
Lobsters and crabs

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2024-05-25 17:05:09 What are the characteristics of the different types of volcanoes?

These are the characteristics of types of volcanoes based on the nature of their eruption and the kind of lava they release
Shield Volcano
Shield volcanoes are huge, gently sloped volcanoes that almost exclusively erupts basaltic lava and include some of the largest volcanoes in the world. The eruptions are not explosive; the lava oozes out from the central vent or a group of vents and spreads far, building a dome shape profile like a warrior’s shield. They can be as high as 9000 meters from the base.
Lava Type: Less viscous, quite fluid basaltic lava.
Examples: The volcanoes in the the island of Hawai’i, including Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, the world’s largest active volcanoes, rising over 9 km above the sea floor.

Stratovolcano
Also referred to as composite cone volcanoes, it is more cone-shaped than a shield volcano and includes some of the world’s grandest mountains. It is a tall conical mountain composed of an alternating layer of lava-flow, which justifies the name composite volcano. It can have a cluster of vents, with lava breaking through walls or issuing from fissures on the sides of the mountain. The eruptions are extremely explosive and dangerous. Pressure builds in the magma chamber as gases under immense heat and pressure are dissolved within the magma. When the magma reaches the vents, the pressure is released, and the gases explode violently. These can be up to 100 to 3500 meters high.
Lava Type: Highly viscous rhyolitic lava that hardens before it can spread far (high content of silica and low iron and magnesium contents)
Examples: Mount Fuji in Japan, Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Vesuvius in Italy, Mount Pinatubo and Mayon in the Philippines, Volcan de Colima in Mexico, Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland, Popocatepetl in Mexico, Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica.

Cinder Cone Volcano
Cinder Cone has a characteristic cone shape. It forms when volcanic cinder, blobs of congealed lava of basaltic composition, come out from a single vent. It has explosive eruptions caused by gas rapidly expanding and escaping from the molten lava that comes out like a fountain. The lava cools quickly and falls as cinders that build up around the vent forming a cone shape, leaving a crater at the summit. These volcanoes can be as high as 100 to 400 meters.
Lava Type: Less viscous, quite fluid basaltic lava (enriched in iron and magnesium and depleted in silica)
Examples: Cerro Negro in Nicaragua (Central America) and Parícutin in Mexico, the youngest volcano on Earth, which first developed in 1943.

Lava Dome
These are relatively small, circular mounds formed as the lava is too viscous to flow, which makes it piles over and around the vents. As the lava oozes out, its outer surface cools and hardens, then shatters, spilling loose fragments down its side. Lava domes are found within the crater or on the sides of large composite volcanoes. Their height depends on the size of the composite volcanoes they appear around.
Lava Type: Highly viscous, less fluid rhyolitic lava
Examples: Mount Merapi lava dome in Indonesia, the Soufrière Hills volcano, on the Caribbean island of Montserrat.

These are the characteristics of types of volcanoes based on their frequency of eruption.
Active Volcanoes
Those that have erupted in the last 10,000 years and are expected to erupt again at any time.
Examples: Mount Etna in Italy and Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Dormant Volcanoes
Those that have not erupted in the last 10,000 years, but are likely to erupt after remaining inactive for a long period.
Examples: Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Fuji in Japan.

Extinct Volcanoes
Those that were active in the past, but have not erupted in the last 10,000 years and are not likely to erupt in the present or the future.
Examples: Mt. Kenya in Africa and Mt. Aconcagua in South America.

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2024-05-15 19:45:00 Why Greenland is rising?

Greenland has been gradually rising since the last ice age 12,000 years ago, its frozen coat of water trickling slowly into the sea. But recent data reveals this melting has been significantly speeding up.

Researchers found that in roughly the last decade Greenland's bedrock has risen up to 20 centimeters, which is a rate of about 2 meters per century.

According to scientists, this land uplift observed these years cannot be solely explained by the natural post-ice age development.

While glaciers around Greenland's periphery make up just 4 percent of the island's ice cover, they're responsible for almost 15 percent of its ice loss, which is causing an even greater rise in some areas than the loss of the main Greenland ice sheet .

Such process is called elastic rebound – the previously compressed earth, now liberated from surrounding weight, relaxes into its more naturally expanded shape like a squashed pillow released to take up more volume.

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2024-05-11 15:30:01 How does the Mars’s 'labyrinth of night' look like?

The hauntingly-named Noctis Labyrinthus (which means in Latin 'labyrinth of night') is a fascinating region near the equator of Mars.

Noctis Labyrinthus is home to a network of intersecting canyons, some as deep as 6 kilometers (3.7 miles), giving the region a maze-like appearance when viewed from above. The canyons were likely created by past volcanism in the nearby region of Tharsis, which would have caused the planet’s surface to arch upwards and then collapse. Dust covers most of the region, leading to its rather uniform appearance.

Noctis Labyrinthus is nestled between the colossal martian ‘Grand Canyon’ (Valles Marineris) and the tallest volcanoes in the Solar System (region of Tharsis) and stretches out for around 1190 km.

Fly over Mars’s Noctis Labyrinthus in this video animation, based on data from the Mars Express observations of the system and created using an image mosaic built over eight orbits.

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2024-05-07 18:30:02 Open / Comment

2024-05-04 09:00:04 What emotion can lead to better results when tackling tricky tasks?

While often perceived as a negative emotion, anger can also be a powerful motivator for people to achieve challenging goals in their lives, according to a research.

To better understand the role of anger in achieving goals, scientists conducted a series of experiments involving more than 1,000 participants and analyzed survey data from more than 1,400 respondents.

Across all the experiments, anger improved people's ability to reach their goals compared with a neutral condition in a variety of challenging situations.

These findings demonstrate that anger increases effort toward attaining a desired goal, frequently resulting in greater success.

Overall, the results suggest that:
emotions that are often considered negative (such as anger) can be useful and particularly effective in some situations
a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes well-being.

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2024-05-03 19:00:07 What are the major theories of emotion?

The major theories of emotion can be grouped into categories:
Physiological theories: responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
Neurological theories: activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.
Cognitive theories: thoughts and other mental activities play an essential role in forming emotions.

Scientists also proposed main theories of emotion:
Evolutionary/Darwin theory: emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role.
The James-Lange theory: physical responses are responsible for emotion.
The Cannon-Bard theory: people experience emotional and physiological responses at the same time, with each response acting independently.
The Schachter-Singer theory: thoughts are responsible for emotions.
The cognitive appraisal/Lazarus theory: brain first appraises a situation, and the resulting response is an emotion.
The facial-feedback theory: emotions are directly tied to facial muscles.

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2024-05-02 15:00:25 How are universal emotions described?

During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman (1934-) identified basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.

Happiness
tends to be the one that people strive for the most and is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being. It is often expressed by smiling or speaking in an upbeat tone of voice and a relaxed stance. The realities of what actually contributes to happiness can be complex and highly individualized.

Sadness
is often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. It can be expressed by crying, dampened mood, lethargy, quietness, withdrawal from others.

Fear
is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. It can increase heart rate, cause racing thoughts, or trigger the fight-or-flight response. It can be a reaction to actual or perceived threats. Some people enjoy the adrenaline rush that accompanies fear in the form of watching scary movies, riding roller coasters, or skydiving. Some people may be more sensitive to fear and certain situations or objects may be more likely to trigger this emotion.

The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to the physiological reaction that occurs when in the presence of something mentally or physically terrifying. This response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.

Disgust
can be triggered by a physical experience, such as seeing or smelling rotting food, blood, or poor hygiene. Moral disgust may occur when someone sees another person doing something they find immoral or distasteful.

Anger
can be characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. It can be expressed with facial expressions like frowning, yelling, or violent behavior. Like fear, anger can play a part in your body's fight or flight response.

Surprise
is usually quite brief and is characterized by a physiological startle response following something unexpected. This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the fight or flight response.

Eckman later added a number of other emotions to his list but suggested that unlike his original six emotions, not all of these could necessarily be encoded through facial expressions. Some of the emotions he later identified included:
Amusement
Contempt
Contentment
Embarrassment
Excitement
Guilt
Pride in achievement
Relief
Satisfaction
Shame

In everyday language, people often use the terms emotions, feelings, and moods interchangeably, but they actually mean different things.
Emotions are reactions to stimuli, but feelings are what we experience as a result of emotions.
An emotion is normally quite short-lived, but intense.
Emotions are also likely to have a definite and identifiable cause.
Feelings are influenced by our perception of the situation, which is why the same emotion can trigger different feelings among people experiencing it.
A mood can be described as a temporary emotional state.

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2024-04-27 20:30:01 Open / Comment