Geology of the world and the Environment

2021-10-11 01:43:06 Stair Holewest of Lulworth Cove in Dorset, southern England

Stair Hole is the big hole in the spine of hard Portland limestone that faces out to sea. It's been formed by sea erosion of a weakness in the rock, which is slowly, slowly producing a circular sea cove behind it that will one day, in the distant future look like Lulworth Cove, just over the other side of the headland. In fact it will probably merge with Lulworth Cove as a result of continued coastal erosion.

The rocks here are sedimentary, and, as you might expect, they once lay in nice, neat, horizontal layers made up of hard limestone alternating with soft mudstone.

The Crumple was produced when the tectonic plates carrying Europe and Africa crashed into one another about 65 million years ago. The force of the impact folded up parts of the land to form the Alps and the Pyrenees after a fashion that was not totally dissimilar to the way in which a car hood - or bonnet, as we like to call them in England - will bend in a head-on collision.

Shock waves spread out across the plates, like ripples in a pond, pushing up smaller hills like the chalk ridges in Purbeck. As the layers of rock at the Crumple were pushed against each other under the impact of those shock waves they bent so that some of the originally horizontal layers are now almost vertical, but the different types of rock performed differently under the huge pressures to which they were subjected. The hard limestone bent and cracked, but remained largely intact. Gravity caused the soft mudstone to slide between the harder layers of limestone to fill any spaces produced where it had bent. In this way the amazing folds that are the Lulworth Crumple were formed.

#GeologyHelp #England #Europe #Africa
#Environment #Area #sea #Alps
#Geology #erosion
#rock #limestone #mudstone
#Structural #tectonic_plates #collision #folds
#sedimentary #alternating #layers #horizontal_layers
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2021-10-04 21:38:04 Ice cave near the Mutnovsky Volcano, Russia

“In the far east of Russia, on a peninsula called Kamchatka, are stunningly surreal-looking ice caves that are formed under incredibly interesting conditions. Fire and ice are involved, or volcanoes and glaciers. As EPOD states about one, “It was formed by a stream flowing from the hot springs associated with the Mutnovsky volcano. This stream flows beneath glacial ice on the flanks of Mutnovsky. Because glaciers on Kamchatka volcanoes have been melting in recent years, the roof of this cave is now so thin that sunlight penetrates through it, eerily illuminating the icy structures within.” Kamachatka lies at similar latitudes to Great Britain. It experiences extremely cold winters and is covered in snow from October to late May. The peninsula is also known for a chain of active volcanoes that make up the peninsula’s spine. Interestingly, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kamchatka Peninsula was strictly off-limits to foreigners and most Russians. There was a military base on the southern end of the peninsula, which housed submarines that carried nuclear ballistic missiles. Since that time, it has increasingly becoming a popular spot for adrenaline junkies, especially those looking to experience extreme winter sports in a near pristine environment. Photographers have also been discovering all that the Kamchatka Pensinsula has to offer, as you can see here. As photographer Denis Budko states, “These snow caves, are usually hidden from foreign eyes under big thicknesses of snow…

#GeologyHere #Environment #Area #Geology #Awesome #View #stream #springs #glaciers #volcanoes #caves

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2021-09-28 20:07:54 Drinking Coffee in this mug makes you read a lot about Jurassic

#GeologyHelp #geologylife #Geology #Jurassic
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2021-09-27 02:00:04 Amazing anticline. Folds in Lower and Middle Cretaceous coal and clastics at a mine at Grande Cache, Alberta, Canada

what do you think?

#Geologyhelp #structural #Geology

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2021-09-26 21:19:56 Thrust (reverse) faults, Ketobe Knob, northern San Rafael Swell, Utah

Reverse faults shorten horizontal layers and are therefore contractional faults. This is an example of a reverse fault in fine-grained sandstones and siltstones of the Entrada Sandstone (lower reddish part) and Curtis Formation (upper part) – part of the Jurassic stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau.

Reverse faults (and any other type of fault for that matter) may look nice and clean on drawn-up cross-sections or seismic images, but in detail they tend to be more complicated. In this case it is being composed of several strands and numerous small-scale deformation structures. Hence at this scale the structure is better termed a fault zone than a single fault

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#Structural #Geology #faults #reverse #Thrust #deformation #seismic
#stratigraphy #Jurassic #small_scale
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2021-09-24 01:32:19 Roadcut of the Antelope Valley Freeway

Photograph of severely deformed sedimentary rock layers exposed in a roadcut of the Antelope Valley Freeway (Interstate Highway 19) within the San Andreas Fault zone near Palmdale, California; view is about 100 m wide (note light stanchion for scale). The sedimentary rocks originally were deposited as horizontal layers of sand and mud in streams and ponds that occupied a late Miocene landscape (about 15 to 9 million years ago). Squeezing related to movements within the San Andreas Fault zone caused the horizontal layers to be contorted into the folds visible in the roadcut, and even created a small fault that has broken one of the folds. These relations show nicely how geologic materials deform (strain) in response to dynamic earth forces (stress).

#GeologyHelp #Geology #environmental

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2021-09-23 00:46:44 The Black Rock Desert, USA

The Black Rock Desert is an arid region of lava beds and playa, or alkali flats, situated in the Black Rock Desert-High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area, a silt playa 100 miles north of Reno that encompasses more than 300,000 acres of land and contains more than 120 miles of historic trails.

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2021-09-23 00:45:14 Canyon Seven Teacups, California

The Seven Teacups is one of the earth’s short but most spectacular canyoneering challenges. The “Teacups” is a succession of seven sculpted circular pools punctuated by six waterfalls. These sparkling emerald pools are set in tawny High Sierra Nevada granite slick rock that is polished to a high sheen. The pools are carved by rocks caught in a crevasse and under the force of the powerful high velocity water are swirled like marbles in the bottom of each cavity causing each pool to become deeper and deeper.

The name of this place is Dry Meadow Creek which is a tributary of the north fork of the Kern a few miles east of the tiny village of Johnsondale, California. The creek drops nearly three hundred feet in two-tenths of a miles which is over 1200 feet per mile

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A San Francisco company called mikol is able to transform beautiful natural stones into consumer lifestyle products. An iPhone 12 Pro case made from real Spanish marble. The stone is as thin as a credit card and reinforced by fiberglass webbing for strength. We were able to strike a deal with them for our group for 15% discount on any purchase using the code Geology.

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2021-09-22 17:34:56 Icebergs in Antartica

Icebergs in Antartica sometimes have stripes, formed by layers of snow that react to different conditions. Blue stripes are often created when a crevice in the ice sheet fills up with melted water and freezes so quickly that no bubbles form.

When an iceberg falls into the ocean, a layer of water can freeze to the underside. If this is rich in algae, it can form a green stripe. Brown, black and yellow lines are caused by sediment, picked up when the ice sheet grinds downhill towards the ocean.

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2021-09-22 01:37:27 Incredible finding in 2014 in Argentina of one of the largest dinosaurs ever discovered. 100,000,000 years, 40 m long, and 77 tons. The earth is a chest of history. Its past helps us into the future. Geology and geosciences work to unveil its secrets and line of events

Credit: BBC

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