UPSC Environment Ecology Prelims National Parks

2021-08-16 15:30:09 AVIAN BOTULISM

Avian botulism is a serious neuromuscular illness of birds caused by a toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Avian botulism has been recognized as major cause of mortality in wild-birds since the 1900s.

Botulinum is a natural toxin produced by bacteria known as Clostridium botulin.

The bacteria is commonly found in the soil, river, and seawater. There are around eight types — A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G — of botulinum toxin and all types of toxins attack the neurons, which leads to muscle paralysis.

Botulinum affects both humans and animals but the type of the toxin varies — botulinum C in birds and A, B, and E in humans. Open / Comment

2021-08-15 15:30:04 DOUBLE-HUMPED CAMEL

Bactrian camels have two humps rather than the single hump of their Arabian relatives. The humps function the same way—storing fat which can be converted to water and energy when sustenance is not available.

These humps give camels their legendary ability to endure long periods of travel without water, even in harsh desert conditions. As their fat is depleted, the humps become floppy and flabby.

Bactrian camels live in Central and East Asia’s rocky deserts.

These camels were brought along by travelers and traders from Yarkand in Xinjiang province of modern-day China. They are exclusively found in the Nubra Valley of Ladakh in India. Open / Comment

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2021-08-14 15:30:10 EARTH SUMMIT

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

OUTCOME:

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development- It contained 27 principles that were supposed to guide countries in future sustainable development.

Agenda 21- It is an action plan with respect to sustainable development, but it is non-binding.

Forest Principles- It is formally called ‘Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests’. Open / Comment

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2021-08-13 18:05:42 CITES

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments.

Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union).

The text of the Convention was finally agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., the United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. Open / Comment

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2021-08-13 15:30:06 MOSAIC EXPEDITION

Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition is the largest expedition into the central Arctic exploring the Arctic climate system.

It has been designed by an international consortium of leading polar research institutions, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), University of Colorado and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES).

The MOSAiC is the all-year-round operation of research icebreaker RV Polarstern, drifting with the natural ice across the central Arctic overwinter 2019-2020.

The data gathered will be used by scientists around the globe for better research and understanding climate. Open / Comment

2021-08-12 17:35:21 SULPHUR CYCLE

The Sulphur reservoir is in the soil and sediments where it is locked in organic (coal, oil and peat) and inorganic deposits (pyrite rock and Sulphur rock) in the form of sulphates, Sulfide and organic Sulphur.

It is released by weathering of rocks, erosional runoff and decomposition of organic matter and is carried to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in salt solution.

The Sulphur cycle is mostly sedimentary except two of its compounds hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) add a gaseous component to its normal sedimentary cycle. Open / Comment

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