UPSC Environment Ecology Prelims National Parks

2021-08-12 16:31:02 MASS EXTINCTION

A mass extinction is a global, catastrophic event with more than 65% of all species becoming extinct.

There have been 5 mass extinctions over the past 500 million years and in each case there was a huge loss of biodiversity.

Both environmental and biological factors have led to mass extinctions. The suggested causes include global cooling, falling sea levels, predation and competition.

Our planet is now in the midst of its sixth mass extinction of plants and animals — the sixth wave of extinctions in the past half-billion years. Open / Comment

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2021-08-12 15:30:04 GASIFICATION

It is a process that changes a carbon base material such as biomass into other forms of energy without actually burning it. It converts the waste materials into a gas via a chemical reaction.

The reaction combines carbon base materials with little amounts of oxygen and breaks them down into simple molecules. The end result is that we will have a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Gasification converts about 80% of the chemical energy in the waste fuel into chemical energy in the gas phase, so it is an effective method.

Air gasification is more commonly seen than oxygen gasification because it is cheaper. Open / Comment

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2021-08-11 17:32:02 SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Ecological Succession is the progressive series of changes that leads to an establishment of a relatively stable climax community.

Secondary succession begins in areas where natural biotic communities have been completely or partially destroyed such as in abandoned farm lands, burned or cut forests, lands that have been flooded.

Since some soil or sediment is present, secondary succession is faster than primary succession.

Succession would occur faster in area existing in the middle of the large continent. This is because, here all propagules or seeds of plants belonging to the different series would reach much faster, establish and ultimately result in climax community. Open / Comment

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2021-08-11 16:31:22 GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINO.

The greater one-horned rhino (or “Indian rhino”) is the largest of the rhino species. Rhino populations plummeted as they were hunted for sport or killed as agricultural pests.

This pushed the species very close to extinction and only around 200 wild greater one horned rhinos remained.

They primarily graze, with a diet consisting almost entirely of grasses as well as leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruit, and aquatic plants.

It is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

The Great one horned rhino is commonly found in Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and in Assam, India. It is confined to the tall grasslands and forests in the foothills of the Himalayas. Open / Comment

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2021-08-11 15:30:09 PRIMARY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION:

Ecological Succession is the progressive series of changes that leads to an establishment of a relatively stable climax community.

Succession which starts in areas where no living organisms ever existed is called primary succession.

Examples of areas where primary succession occurs are newly cooled lava, bare rock, newly created pond or reservoir etc.

The species that invade a bare area are called pioneer species.

The establishment of a new biotic community is generally slow as it takes natural processes several hundred to several thousand years to produce fertile soil on bare rock. Open / Comment